{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:02:48Z","timestamp":1790780568340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003081","name":"Ministry of Education, Ethiopia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003562","name":"Ministry of Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003654","name":"Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00215135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00215135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioresource Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T22:07:24Z","timestamp":1760306844000},"page":"133490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Superoxide-derived singlet oxygen generation via electron transfer-mediated activation of persulfate by heterogeneous biochar catalysts for naproxen degradation: Effects of aromatization degree on electron exchange capacity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"440","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaegwan","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Mo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4923-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hojung","family":"Rho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2151-5209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangmin","family":"Chon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.135815","article-title":"Efficient degradation of trimethoprim with ball-milled nitrogen-doped biochar catalyst via persulfate activation","volume":"440","author":"Annamalai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.04.088","article-title":"Metal-free catalysis of persulfate activation and organic-pollutant degradation by nitrogen-doped graphene and aminated graphene","volume":"215","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0015","article-title":"Insight into algae-derived boron-doped biochar for efficient peroxydisulfate activation: the dominant effect of electron-transfer processes","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134715","article-title":"Enhanced degradation of triclosan by cobalt manganese spinel-type oxide activated peroxymonosulfate oxidation process via sulfate radicals and singlet oxygen: Mechanisms and intermediates identification","volume":"711","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125107","article-title":"Metal-free carbocatalysis for persulfate activation toward nonradical oxidation: enhanced singlet oxygen generation based on active sites and electronic property","volume":"396","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.022","article-title":"Capacity and mechanisms of ammonium and cadmium sorption on different wetland-plant derived biochars","volume":"539","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.07.069","article-title":"Competitive adsorption of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Cu (II) onto chitosan-pyromellitic dianhydride modified biochar","volume":"506","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131776","article-title":"Copper catalysts for radical and nonradical persulfate based advanced oxidation processes: certainties and uncertainties","volume":"427","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.07.006","article-title":"Degradation of naproxen by ferrous ion-activated hydrogen peroxide, persulfate and combined hydrogen peroxide\/persulfate processes: the effect of citric acid addition","volume":"318","author":"Dulova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.043","article-title":"Persulfate activation with sawdust biochar in aqueous solution by enhanced electron donor-transfer effect","volume":"690","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109348","article-title":"Activation of persulfate by graphene\/biochar composites for phenol degradation: performance and nonradical dominated reaction mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129297","article-title":"Activation of persulfates by carbonaceous materials: a review","volume":"418","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04696","article-title":"Tuning of persulfate activation from a free radical to a nonradical pathway through the incorporation of non-redox magnesium oxide","volume":"54","author":"Jawad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.11.076","article-title":"Competitive adsorption of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on activated biochars: experimental and molecular modeling study","volume":"264","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.04.178","article-title":"Flower-like nickel hydroxide@ tea leaf-derived biochar composite for high-performance supercapacitor application","volume":"623","author":"Khedulkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125377","article-title":"Effects of thermal modification of a biochar on persulfate activation and mechanisms of catalytic degradation of a pharmaceutical","volume":"399","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","article-title":"Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5601","DOI":"10.1021\/es500906d","article-title":"Redox properties of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar)","volume":"48","author":"Kl\u00fcpfel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.07.054","article-title":"Promoted degradation of perfluorooctanic acid by persulfate when adding activated carbon","volume":"261","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150968","article-title":"Persulfate adsorption and activation by carbon structure defects provided new insights into ofloxacin degradation by biochar","volume":"806","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138690","article-title":"Enhancement of peroxymonosulfate activation by humic acid-modified sludge biochar: Role of singlet oxygen and electron transfer pathway","volume":"329","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-022-00165-y","article-title":"A nanoscale observation to explain the discrepancy of electron exchange capacities between biochar containing comparable surface redox-active moieties","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148206","article-title":"Effects of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature of biochar on promoting hydrogen production of ethanol-type fermentation","volume":"790","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132203","article-title":"Dozens-fold improvement of biochar redox properties by KOH activation","volume":"429","author":"L\u00fc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.01.132","article-title":"A novel TiO2\/biochar composite catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange","volume":"222","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.03.002","article-title":"Kinetic and mechanistic aspects of hydroxyl radical\u2012mediated degradation of naproxen and reaction intermediates","volume":"137","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.06.047","article-title":"Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in WWTPs in India and comparison with a similar study in the United States","volume":"159","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0140","article-title":"Graphitic porous carbon fabricated from waste coffee grounds for supercapacitors","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0145","article-title":"Evaluation of the photocatalytic and persulfate activation properties of GO-CuSbS2 composite","volume":"9","author":"Olatunde","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01792","article-title":"Overview on the biochemical potential of filamentous fungi to degrade pharmaceutical compounds","volume":"8","author":"Olic\u00f3n-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.10.030","article-title":"Degradation of orange G by Fenton-like reaction with Fe-impregnated biochar catalyst","volume":"249","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127818","article-title":"Non-radical reactions in persulfate-based homogeneous degradation processes: a review","volume":"421","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.01.010","article-title":"Degradation of carbamazepine by Fe (II)-activated persulfate process","volume":"268","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.04.165","article-title":"Rapid degradation of naproxen by AgBr-\u03b1-NiMoO4 composite photocatalyst in visible light: mechanism and pathways","volume":"347","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b06208","article-title":"Insights into the electron-transfer regime of peroxydisulfate activation on carbon nanotubes: the role of oxygen functional groups","volume":"54","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834-021-00083-x","article-title":"The effect of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock on date palm waste derived biochar to remove single and multi-metals in aqueous solutions","volume":"31","author":"Sizirici","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.108780","article-title":"Rational construction of CeO2\u2013ZrO2@ MoS2 hybrid nanoflowers for enhanced sonophotocatalytic degradation of naproxen: mechanisms and degradation pathways","volume":"215","author":"Talukdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5077","DOI":"10.1021\/es062720x","article-title":"Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in river water and their elimination in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant","volume":"41","author":"Vieno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.07.132","article-title":"Chemistry of persulfates in water and wastewater treatment: a review","volume":"330","author":"Wac\u0142awek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.059","article-title":"Edge-nitrogenated biochar for efficient peroxydisulfate activation: an electron transfer mechanism","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140795","article-title":"Boosting persulfate activation via paper mill sludge-based biochar for efficient degradation of bisphenol A: inherent multiple active sites","volume":"455","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.01.041","article-title":"ZIF67@ MoO3 NSs@ NF composite electrocatalysts reinforced by chemical bonds and oxygen vacancy for efficient oxygen evolution reaction and overall water-splitting","volume":"47","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2023.110063","article-title":"Walnut shell-derived porous carbon with MgSO4 modification for high-performance capacitive deionization","volume":"136","author":"Yong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.153011","article-title":"Clean production of N, O-doped activated carbon by water vapor carbonization\/activation of expired coffee for high-volumetric supercapacitor","volume":"589","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.11.013","article-title":"Effect of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and residence time on rapeseed stem derived biochar","volume":"174","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118596","article-title":"Activation of peroxydisulfate by ball-milled \u03b1-FeOOH\/biochar composite for phenol removal: Component contribution and internal mechanisms","volume":"293","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.119354","article-title":"Study on the nonradical pathways of nitrogen-doped biochar activating persulfate for tetracycline degradation","volume":"276","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."}],"container-title":["Bioresource Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960852425014579?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960852425014579?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T20:36:44Z","timestamp":1762634204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960852425014579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0960852425014579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-8524","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Superoxide-derived singlet oxygen generation via electron transfer-mediated activation of persulfate by heterogeneous biochar catalysts for naproxen degradation: Effects of aromatization degree on electron exchange capacity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Bioresource Technology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133490","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"133490"}}