{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:40:54Z","timestamp":1793691654846,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007957","name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biosensors and Bioelectronics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T22:43:05Z","timestamp":1615675385000},"page":"113160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"special_numbering":"C","title":["5G-enabled ultra-sensitive fluorescence sensor for proactive prognosis of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"181","author":[{"given":"Jiuchuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shulin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuejun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2248-4806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib1","first-page":"515","article-title":"An IoT-aware architecture for smart healthcare systems","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Catarinucci","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00102-14","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease","volume":"28","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib3","series-title":"Emerging biosensing technologies for improved diagnostics of COVID-19 and future pandemics","first-page":"121986","author":"Chen","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-07","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m764","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m764","article-title":"Covid-19: a digital epidemic","volume":"368","author":"Chiolero","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib7","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Diagnostic methods and potential portable biosensors for coronavirus disease","volume":"165","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11305","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01975","volume":"92","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.06.003","article-title":"Nanomaterial labels in lateral flow immunoassays for point-of-care-testing","volume":"60","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Guo et al., \"Cyber-physical healthcare system with blood test module on broadcast television network for remote cardiovascular disease (CVD) management,\" in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, doi: 10.1109\/TII.2020.3010280.","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3010280"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25497","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CP05308D","article-title":"PH-responsive drug release and NIR-triggered singlet oxygen generation based on a multifunctional core-shell-shell structure","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven Protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1352(199812)11:1\/6<200::AID-JMR423>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"High\u2010density immobilization of an antibody fragment to a carboxymethylated dextran\u2010linked biosensor surface","volume":"11","author":"Howell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Mol Recogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN02485A","article-title":"Multiplexed detection of biomarkers in lateral-flow immunoassays","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib16","series-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications","first-page":"124","article-title":"Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications in 5G downlink: physical layer aspects","volume":"25","author":"Ji","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib17","series-title":"Sixth International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IOTSMS), Granada, Spain, 2019","first-page":"7","article-title":"An innovative ehealth system powered by 5G network slicing","author":"Kapassa","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib18","first-page":"112868","article-title":"Development of a SARS-CoV-2-specific biosensor for antigen detection using scFv-Fc fusion proteins","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25727","article-title":"Development and clinical application of A rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00470","article-title":"Serum SARS-COV-2 nucleocapsid protein: a sensitivity and specificity early diagnostic marker for SARS-COV-2 infection","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9454","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01635","volume":"92","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00461-20","article-title":"Evaluation of nucleocapsid and spike protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112817","article-title":"Nanozyme chemiluminescence paper test for rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b08067","article-title":"Motion control of urea-powered biocompatible hollow microcapsules","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113121","article-title":"Development of a portable, ultra-rapid and ultra-sensitive cell-based biosensor for the direct detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein antigen","volume":"20","author":"Mavrikou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2767608","article-title":"Future edge cloud and edge computing for Internet of Things applications","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib27","series-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","first-page":"1121","article-title":"The future of healthcare Internet of Things: a survey of emerging technologies","volume":"22","author":"Qadri","year":"2020"},{"issue":"Issue 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(89)80179-2","article-title":"Antibody-antigen binding in organic solvents","volume":"158","author":"Russell","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2864587","article-title":"\u201cAdaptive 5G low-latency communication for tactile Internet services","volume":"107","author":"Sachs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib30","series-title":"Proc. Med. Data Security Bioengineers, Hershey, PA, USA","first-page":"23","article-title":"Advancements in data security and privacy techniques used in IoT-based hospital applications","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13383","article-title":"The COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"25","author":"Velavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Won, J., Lee, S., Park, M., Kim, T.Y., Park, M.G., Choi, B.Y., Kim, D., Chang, H., Kim, V. N., Lee, C.J. \u201cDevelopment of a laboratory-safe and low-cost detection protocol for SARS-CoV-2 of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),\u201d Exp. Neurobiol., 29, 2020.","DOI":"10.5607\/en20009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib34","article-title":"Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunoassay and colloidal gold-immunochromatographic assay kit for detection of novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) causing an outbreak of pneumonia (COVID-19)","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2019.07.008","article-title":"Self-propelled enzymatic nanomotors for enhancing synergetic photodynamic and starvation therapy by self-accelerated cascade reactions","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa102","article-title":"Rapid detection of COVID-19 coronavirus using a reverse transcriptional loopmediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic platform","volume":"66","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."}],"container-title":["Biosensors and Bioelectronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956566321001974?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956566321001974?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T01:18:29Z","timestamp":1760663909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956566321001974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0956566321001974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-5663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-5663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"5G-enabled ultra-sensitive fluorescence sensor for proactive prognosis of COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113160","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113160"}}