{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T18:28:22Z","timestamp":1784572102497,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biosensors and Bioelectronics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T23:24:54Z","timestamp":1698449094000},"page":"115796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Magnetic Janus micromotors for fluorescence biosensing of tacrolimus in oral fluids"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"244","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0128-3113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Glahn-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6584-1949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Jurado-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5685-5559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Benito-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7302-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Escarpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda C.","family":"Moreno-Bondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib8","series-title":"EURL ECVAM Recommendation on Non-animal-derived Antibodies","author":"Barroso","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1670-3","article-title":"Measurement of saliva tacrolimus levels in pediatric renal transplant recipients","volume":"26","author":"Belostotsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib2","first-page":"392","article-title":"Optical monitoring of therapeutic drugs with a novel fluorescence-based POCT device","volume":"87","author":"Berrettoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Process Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz185","article-title":"Stomatocyte structural color-barcode micromotors for multiplex assays","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9875","DOI":"10.1021\/la100207q","article-title":"Surface investigation on biomimetic materials to control cell adhesion: the case of rgd conjugation on PCL","volume":"26","author":"Causa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib5","series-title":"Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes","year":"2010"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705640","article-title":"Micromotors go in vivo: from test tubes to live animals","volume":"28","author":"Esteban-Fern\u00e1ndez de \u00c1vila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00202","article-title":"Cell-like micromotors","volume":"51","author":"Esteban-Fern\u00e1ndez de \u00c1vila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6784","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0612697","article-title":"A Highly Selective and Sensitive Inorganic\/Organic Hybrid Polymer fluorescence \u201cturn-on\u201d chemosensory system for iron cations","volume":"128","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E260","DOI":"10.1208\/aapsj0902029","article-title":"Appropriate calibration curve fitting in ligand binding assays","volume":"9","author":"Findlay","year":"2007","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16337","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c03122","article-title":"Biosensing tacrolimus in human whole blood by using a drug receptor fused to the emerald green fluorescent protein","volume":"94","author":"Glahn-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.07.026","article-title":"A high-throughput LC-MS\/MS method for the quantification of four immunosu- ppressants drugs in whole blood","volume":"498","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c01635","article-title":"On the move-sensitive fluorescent aptassay on board catalytic micromotors for the determination of Interleukin-6 in ultra-low serum volumes for neonatal sepsis diagnostics","volume":"7","author":"Gord\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.05.017","article-title":"Animal-friendly affinity reagents: replacing the needless in the haystack","volume":"34","author":"Gray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6285","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400273r","article-title":"Nano\/micromotors in (bio)chemical science applications","volume":"114","author":"Guix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0848","article-title":"Evaluation of the first immunosuppressive drug assay available on a fully automated LC-MS\/MS-based clinical analyzer suggests a new era in laboratory medicine","volume":"59","author":"H\u00f6rber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-022-05621-x","article-title":"Dual-dimension Janus-based particles and micromotors in the frontier of (bio)sensing","volume":"190","author":"Jurado-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2017.09.005","article-title":"Perspectives on janus micromotors: materials and applications","volume":"9","author":"Jurado-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Tod."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6957","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201701396","article-title":"Magnetocatalytic graphene quantum dots janus micromotors for bacterial endotoxin detection","volume":"56","author":"Jurado-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07111009","article-title":"Consensus report on therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid in solid organ transplantation","volume":"5","author":"Kuypers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aam6431","article-title":"Micro\/nanorobots for biomedicine: delivery, surgery, sensing, and detoxification","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPB6EUC5QHLGNV","article-title":"Comparison of CEDIA FK506 assay with HPLC\/MS\/MS in a large cohort of pediatric patients","volume":"139","author":"Lower","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-04287-x","article-title":"Biocompatible micromotors for biosensing","volume":"414","author":"Maria-Hormigos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib24","series-title":"Methods of Immunological Analysis","author":"Masseyeff","year":"1992"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00078g","article-title":"Rolled-up nanotech on polymers: from basic perception to self-propelled catalytic microengines","volume":"40","author":"Mei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib26","series-title":"Personalized Immunosuppression in Transplantation","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chapter 1 - overview of the pharmacology and toxicology of immunosuppressant agents that require therapeutic drug monitoring","author":"Milone","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112156","article-title":"On-the-fly rapid immunoassay for neonatal sepsis diagnosis: C-reactive protein accurate determination using magnetic graphene-based micromotors","volume":"158","author":"Molinero-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.1021\/la500819r","article-title":"Bubble-propelled micromotors for enhanced transport of passive tracers","volume":"30","author":"Orozco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200501767","article-title":"Dream nanomachines","volume":"17","author":"Ozin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112286","article-title":"Engineering Janus micromotors with WS2 and affinity peptides for turn-on fluorescent sensing of bacterial lipopolysaccharides","volume":"165","author":"Pacheco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b02041","article-title":"Micromotor-based biosensing using directed transport of functionalized beads","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03619-7","article-title":"Recombinant antibodies and their use for food immunoanalysis","volume":"414","author":"Peltomaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.02.009","article-title":"Clinical validation and implementation of a multiplexed immunosuppressant assay in dried blood spots by LC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"421","author":"Sadilkova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201703810","article-title":"Highly fluorescent magnetic nanobeads with a remarkable Stokes shift as labels for enhanced detection in immunoassays","volume":"14","author":"Salis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2012.04.19.3.32.c9057","article-title":"Assessing children's and parents' opinions on salivary sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Swallow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nurse Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00250a050","article-title":"Structure of FK506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from Streptomyces","volume":"109","author":"Tanaka","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200406000-00013","article-title":"Feasibility and acceptance of salivary monitoring of antiepileptic drugs via the us postal service","volume":"26","author":"Tennison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199512000-00007","article-title":"Mode of action of tacrolimus (FK506): molecular and cellular mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Thomson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2013.03.014","article-title":"Two rapid ultra performance liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC\/MS\/MS) methods with common sample pretreatment for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants compared to immunoassay","volume":"928","author":"Tszyrsznic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.12.018","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibitor determination in whole blood with the RXL dimension analyzer: a useful tool for immunosuppressive drug monitoring","volume":"41","author":"Ventura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gce.2021.08.001","article-title":"Imidazolium-based ionic liquids as additives to preserve the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein fluorescent activity","volume":"2","author":"Ver\u00edssimo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318198d092","article-title":"Opportunities to optimize tacrolimus therapy in solid organ transplantation: report of the european consensus conference","volume":"31","author":"Wallemacq","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib44","series-title":"Nanomachines: Fundamentals and Applications","author":"Wang","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.04.095","article-title":"Self-propelled affinity biosensors: moving the receptor around the sample","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00254","article-title":"Light-driven micro\/nanomotor for promising biomedical tools: principle, challenge, and prospect","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.34133\/2020\/7962024","article-title":"Magnetic nanomotor-based maneuverable SERS probe","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib48","series-title":"The immunoassay handbook: theory and applications of ligand binding, ELISA and related techniques","author":"Wild","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2019.04.006","article-title":"A sample processing method for immunoassay of whole blood tacrolimus","volume":"576","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13039","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm31213a","article-title":"Surface modification of polycaprolactone substrates using collagen-conjugated poly(methacrylic acid) brushes for the regulation of cell proliferation and endothelialisation","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46588","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c15389","article-title":"Janus micromotors coated with 2D nanomaterials as dynamic interfaces for (bio)-sensing","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC01106E","article-title":"On-board smartphone micromotor-based fluorescence assays","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796_bib53","first-page":"eaau9650","article-title":"Real-time tracking of fluorescent magnetic spore based microrobots for remote detection of C","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"diff toxins. Sci. Adv."}],"container-title":["Biosensors and Bioelectronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956566323007388?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956566323007388?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T01:47:00Z","timestamp":1760665620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956566323007388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0956566323007388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-5663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-5663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Magnetic Janus micromotors for fluorescence biosensing of tacrolimus in oral fluids","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115796","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115796"}}