{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:55:55Z","timestamp":1793393755167,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ARC DP210103160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARC DP210103160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP180100309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP180100309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IH240100013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IH240100013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biosensors and Bioelectronics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T04:41:18Z","timestamp":1766119278000},"page":"118328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toward clinical translation of biosensors for chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"Ronil J.","family":"Rath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sepehr","family":"Talebian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mayol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shichao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9","family":"Brasier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itthipon","family":"Jeerapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane R.","family":"Sempionatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Naficy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6119-4417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saimon M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl. ment_1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib1","article-title":"Study of the correlation between tear glucose concentrations and blood glucose concentrations","volume":"67","author":"Aihara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"End-to-end design of wearable sensors","author":"Ates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70094-0","article-title":"Tear glucose analysis for the noninvasive detection and monitoring of diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Baca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89514-8","article-title":"Diagnostic biomarkers in tear fluid: from sampling to preanalytical processing","volume":"11","author":"Bachhuber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0043-y","article-title":"Wearable sweat sensors","volume":"1","author":"Bariya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115781","article-title":"Saliva sampling: methods and devices. An overview","volume":"124","author":"Bellagambi","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2020.1768849","article-title":"Cystatin C as a biomarker of chronic kidney disease: latest developments","volume":"20","author":"Benoit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib8","article-title":"Biosensors and their widespread impact on human health","volume":"5","author":"Bhatia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementing clinical needs into the development of wearable health-monitoring technology","author":"Brasier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000504387","article-title":"Sweat as a source of next-generation digital biomarkers","volume":"3","author":"Brasier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digit. Biomark."},{"issue":"8041","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08249-4","article-title":"Applied body-fluid analysis by wearable devices","volume":"636","author":"Brasier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.048","article-title":"Modern creatinine (bio) sensing: challenges of point-of-care platforms","volume":"130","author":"C\u00e1novas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib13","article-title":"Integrated SERS-magnetic capture platform for multiplex detection of early tubular injury biomarkers in diabetic kidney disease progression","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Acutators Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145834","article-title":"A point-of-care, label-free OECT sensor for uric acid detection: validation in human saliva","author":"Ceccardi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"issue":"10S","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2024tnfaf9kc","article-title":"Metyos K-Patch: a novel biowearable for real-time potassium level monitoring: SA-PO564","volume":"35","author":"Chashchina","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Barriers to translating continuous monitoring technologies for preventative medicine","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114234","article-title":"Microneedle patches integrated with lateral flow cassettes for blood-free chronic kidney disease point-of-care testing during a pandemic","volume":"208","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103377","article-title":"Comparative study of the composition of sweat from eccrine and apocrine sweat glands during exercise and in heat","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24605","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c10344","article-title":"Diving into sweat: advances, challenges, and future directions in wearable sweat sensing","volume":"18","author":"Childs","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar3921","article-title":"Skin-interfaced systems for sweat collection and analytics","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S223929","article-title":"Individual and combined components of metabolic syndrome with chronic kidney disease in individuals with hypertension and\/or diabetes mellitus accompanied by primary health care","author":"Comini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes, Metabol. Synd. Obes."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SD00088A","article-title":"A holistic pathway to biosensor translation","volume":"3","author":"D'Alton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Diagnost."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-02059-1","article-title":"The challenges and promise of sweat sensing","volume":"42","author":"Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-024-01236-7","article-title":"A fingertip-wearable microgrid system for autonomous energy management and metabolic monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.198","article-title":"Biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: a review","volume":"80","author":"Fassett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib26","series-title":"Department of Health and Human Services","article-title":"USA code of federal regulations title 21 food and drugs, chapter I: food and drug administration","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01202-x","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease among type 2 diabetic patients worldwide, systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Fenta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00998-9","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in the diagnostic utility of dermal interstitial fluid","volume":"7","author":"Friedel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128227","article-title":"A portable sweat biosensor for multiple chronic kidney diseases biomarkers detection","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib31","article-title":"Glucose sensing in saliva","volume":"3","author":"Giaretta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sens. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2015.015","article-title":"Understanding bland altman analysis","volume":"25","author":"Giavarina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of wearable molecular sensors in endocrinology and metabolism","author":"G\u00fcntner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-024-00606-0","article-title":"Wearable sensors for monitoring chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib35","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of uric acid in undiluted human saliva using uricase paper integrated electrodes","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax0649","article-title":"Integrated textile sensor patch for real-time and multiplex sweat analysis","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0040-3","article-title":"Accessing analytes in biofluids for peripheral biochemical monitoring","volume":"37","author":"Heikenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3390\/kidneydial2030038","article-title":"The epidemiology of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"2","author":"Hoogeveen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Dial."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae209","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease in children and adults: a commentary from the European renal best practice (ERBP)","volume":"40","author":"Iatridi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.11.016","article-title":"Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: still more to do","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"issue":"10302","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00519-5","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"398","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10661","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c02085","article-title":"Lab-on-eyeglasses to monitor kidneys and strengthen vulnerable populations in pandemics: machine learning in predicting serum creatinine using tear creatinine","volume":"93","author":"Kalasin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00284-z","article-title":"Acute kidney injury","volume":"7","author":"Kellum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics7030039","article-title":"Advancing point-of-care (PoC) testing using human saliva as liquid biopsy","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01116-3","article-title":"Management of hyperuricemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a focus on renal protection","volume":"22","author":"Kielstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0045-y","article-title":"Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.07.039","article-title":"Wearable salivary uric acid mouthguard biosensor with integrated wireless electronics","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201600260","article-title":"Advanced materials for printed wearable electrochemical devices: a review","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201800880","article-title":"Simultaneous monitoring of sweat and interstitial fluid using a single wearable biosensor platform","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SC02962K","article-title":"Citrate-based fluorescent materials for low-cost chloride sensing in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hybadv.2023.100052","article-title":"Salivary glucose measurement: a holy ground for next generation of non-invasive diabetic monitoring","volume":"3","author":"Ko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hybrid Adv."},{"issue":"366","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf2593","article-title":"A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat","volume":"8","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.7150\/ntno.106396","article-title":"Advancements in SERS: revolutionizing biomedical analysis and applications","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanotheranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.135898","article-title":"Touch\u2013based potentiometric sensors for simultaneous detection of urea and ammonium from fingertip sweat","volume":"413","author":"Laochai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensor. Actuator. B Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0222-x","article-title":"Salivary creatinine and urea analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a case control study","volume":"17","author":"Lasisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0627-8","article-title":"Glomerular filtration rate by differing measures, albuminuria and prediction of cardiovascular disease, mortality and end-stage kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Lees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib57","article-title":"Correlation of glucose and lipid metabolism levels and serum uric acid levels with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic mellitus patients","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Int."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c00404","article-title":"Roll-to-roll manufacturing of integrated immunodetection sensors","volume":"5","author":"Liedert","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib59","author":"Linstrom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2025.343829","article-title":"Simultaneous monitoring of creatinine and urea in diversified clinical samples based on SERS-active PDMS-flower-like ZIF-67@ Ag nanoparticles","volume":"1349","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SD00241E","article-title":"Point-of-care biosensors and devices for diagnostics of chronic kidney disease","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Diagnost."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c12606","article-title":"Technology roadmap for flexible sensors","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2025.343610","article-title":"A wearable antifouling electrochemical sensor integrated with an antimicrobial microneedle array for uric acid detection in interstitial fluid","volume":"1339","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implantable bioelectronics and wearable sensors for kidney health and disease","author":"Madhvapathy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-024-01247-4","article-title":"Hybrid multimodal wearable sensors for comprehensive health monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Mahato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib66","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule\u20101 and cardiovascular diseases: from basic science to clinical practice","volume":"2015","author":"Medi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00823","article-title":"Skin-interfaced wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine","volume":"123","author":"Min","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117289","article-title":"Touch-based uric acid sweat biosensor towards personal health and nutrition","volume":"277","author":"Moonla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c00652","article-title":"Microneedle-based multiplexed monitoring of diabetes biomarkers: capabilities beyond glucose toward closed-loop theranostic systems","author":"Moonla","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_421_23","article-title":"Validation of diagnostic utility of salivary urea in patients with chronic kidney disease in chennai: a cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"Nagarathinam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib71","article-title":"Usefulness and limitations of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in the assessment of kidney diseases","volume":"3","author":"Ning","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Laborat. Preci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47123-9","article-title":"In-depth correlation analysis between tear glucose and blood glucose using a wireless smart contact lens","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.468","article-title":"Detection of chronic kidney disease with creatinine, cystatin C, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and association with progression to end-stage renal disease and mortality","volume":"305","author":"Peralta","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.78872","article-title":"Saliva-based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic","volume":"13","author":"Pittman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib75","article-title":"Covalent immobilization: a review from an enzyme perspective","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.09.086","article-title":"Non-invasive textile based colorimetric sensor for the simultaneous detection of sweat pH and lactate","volume":"192","author":"Promphet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202200830","article-title":"Chemiresistive sensor arrays for gas\/volatile organic compounds monitoring: a review","volume":"25","author":"Rath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib78","article-title":"A polymer\u2010based chemiresistive gas sensor for selective detection of ammonia gas","volume":"3","author":"Rath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sens. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib79","article-title":"Cascading chemiresistive paper-based enzymatic biosensor for urea detection","author":"Rath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Acutators Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116100","article-title":"Ammonia detection: a pathway towards potential point-of-care diagnostics","author":"Rath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202417323","article-title":"Organic\u2010based chemiresistive sensors for detection of water\u2010soluble gases: strategies and roadmap for enhancing sensing performance","volume":"35","author":"Rath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c02372","article-title":"Developing a chemiresistive gas sensor array for simultaneous detection of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases","volume":"9","author":"Rath","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-023-03707-w","article-title":"The trend of hypertension-related chronic kidney disease from 1990 to 2019 and its predictions over 25 years: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"56","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"issue":"7543","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7543.702","article-title":"Disorders of sodium balance","volume":"332","author":"Reynolds","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib85","author":"Roche"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00390","article-title":"Antifouling strategies for electrochemical biosensing: mechanisms and performance toward point of care based diagnostic applications","volume":"6","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115899","article-title":"Discerning biomimetic nanozyme electrodes based on g-C3N4 nanosheets and molecularly imprinted polythiophene nanofibers for detecting creatinine in microliter droplets of human saliva","volume":"247","author":"Saeed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202405518","article-title":"A passive perspiration inspired wearable platform for continuous glucose monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Saha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1007\/s44211-024-00635-2","article-title":"Role of wearable electrochemical biosensors in monitoring renal function biomarkers in sweat: a review","volume":"40","author":"Salih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716772115","article-title":"Mechanisms of sampling interstitial fluid from skin using a microneedle patch","volume":"115","author":"Samant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2021.1885442","article-title":"Urinary calprotectin, NGAL, and KIM-1 in the differentiation of primarily inflammatory vs. non-inflammatory stable chronic kidney diseases","volume":"43","author":"Seibert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.04.058","article-title":"Eyeglasses-based tear biosensing system: non-invasive detection of alcohol, vitamins and glucose","volume":"137","author":"Sempionatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-022-00439-w","article-title":"Wearable chemical sensors for biomarker discovery in the omics era","volume":"6","author":"Sempionatto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01615-8","article-title":"A comprehensive review on plasmonic-based biosensors used in viral diagnostics","volume":"4","author":"Shrivastav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib95","article-title":"Does twenty-four-hour biological variation of serum creatinine and cystatin C influence GFR estimation?","volume":"3","author":"Silveiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Laborat. Preci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.11.003","article-title":"Urea and ocular surface: synthesis, secretion and its role in tear film homeostasis","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.08.017","article-title":"Uric acid and the risks of kidney failure and death in individuals with CKD","volume":"71","author":"Srivastava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","author":"Stevens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib99","first-page":"47","article-title":"Magnesium metabolism and its disorders","volume":"24","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00887-1","article-title":"An integrated wearable microneedle array for the continuous monitoring of multiple biomarkers in interstitial fluid","volume":"6","author":"Tehrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib101","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wearable biomolecular sensing nanotechnologies in chronic disease management","author":"Tu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.722927","article-title":"An introduction to the main types of economic evaluations used for informing priority setting and resource allocation in healthcare: key features, uses, and limitations","volume":"9","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib103","first-page":"111","article-title":"Potassium homeostasis, oxidative stress, and human disease","volume":"4","author":"Udensi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx039","article-title":"Urea and chronic kidney disease: the comeback of the century?(in uraemia research)","volume":"33","author":"Vanholder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1134\/S1819712423040268","article-title":"Shedding valuable tears: tear fluid as a promising source of disease biomarkers","volume":"17","author":"Vavilina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurochem. J."},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804456","article-title":"Weaving sensing fibers into electrochemical fabric for real\u2010time health monitoring","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8713","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c00960","article-title":"Wearable vertical graphene-based microneedle biosensor for real-time ketogenic diet management","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.05.012","article-title":"Nanozyme: an emerging alternative to natural enzyme for biosensing and immunoassay","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"10075","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32064-5","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"389","author":"Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.805","article-title":"Uric acid is independently associated with interleukin\u20101\u03b2 levels in tear fluid of hyperuricemia and gout patients","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-024-00468-6","article-title":"Interstitial fluid-based wearable biosensors for minimally invasive healthcare and biomedical applications","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TC05204A","article-title":"A fluorescent wearable platform for sweat cl\u2212 analysis and logic smart-device fabrication based on color adjustable lanthanide MOFs","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128039","article-title":"A wearable SERS-microfluidic patch for continuous monitoring of kidney health-related biomarkers in sweat","volume":"293","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0321-x","article-title":"A laser-engraved wearable sensor for sensitive detection of uric acid and tyrosine in sweat","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00026-3","article-title":"Ambient heat exposure and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a post-hoc analysis of the DAPA-CKD trial","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2023.2168688","article-title":"Advances of SERS applications in clinic samples analysis","volume":"59","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2025.118248","article-title":"Innovative nanozyme-based detection methods for biomarkers in interstitial fluid","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8456","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c01286","article-title":"Microneedle electrode patch modified with graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes for continuous uric acid monitoring and diet management in hyperuricemia","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115506","article-title":"Microneedle coupled epidermal sensor for multiplexed electrochemical detection of kidney disease biomarkers","volume":"237","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Biosensors and Bioelectronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956566325012059?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956566325012059?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:37:31Z","timestamp":1773927451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956566325012059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["S0956566325012059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-5663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-5663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toward clinical translation of biosensors for chronic kidney disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118328","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118328"}}