{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T14:16:17Z","timestamp":1788531377094,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014125","name":"Fujian Provincial Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025CXA020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CXA020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013795","name":"Fujian Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025J01718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025J01718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025J01734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025J01734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biosensors and Bioelectronics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T16:13:34Z","timestamp":1786637614000},"page":"119109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Proximity-confined DNA walking-nanozyme cascades for multiplexed urinary extracellular vesicle phenotyping and machine learning-assisted disease stratification"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanglong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhuang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinjie","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feilin","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanggang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7099-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiquan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SC05302B","article-title":"Programming in situ accelerated DNA walkers in diffusion-limited microenvironments","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9135","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c02441","article-title":"Emerging CRISPR\/Cas-based strategies for extracellular vesicle detection: a comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49424-5","article-title":"Prostate cancer reshapes the secreted and extracellular vesicle urinary proteomes","volume":"15","author":"Khoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6895","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146895","article-title":"Urinary extracellular vesicle signatures as biomarkers in prostate cancer patients","volume":"26","author":"Lange","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.143722","article-title":"Machine learning-assisted ratiometric fluorescence sensor array for recognition of multiple quinolones antibiotics","volume":"478","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6960","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62229-4","article-title":"Single urinary extracellular vesicle proteomics identifies complement receptor CD35 as a biomarker for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16113","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00280","article-title":"Choline phosphate-grafted nanozymes as universal extracellular vesicle probes for bladder cancer detection","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11389","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c01310","article-title":"Advanced nanoencapsulation-enabled ultrasensitive analysis: unraveling tumor extracellular vesicle subpopulations for differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma via DNA cascade reactions","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57633-9","article-title":"Urinary extracellular vesicle N-glycomics identifies diagnostic glycosignatures for bladder cancer","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201902885","article-title":"A tumor-microenvironment-activated nanozyme-mediated theranostic nanoreactor for imaging-guided combined tumor therapy","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15060344","article-title":"Machine-learning-assisted nanozyme-based sensor arrays: construction, empowerment, and applications","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib12","article-title":"A biomimetic nanozyme engineered via coordination and confinement for photothermal-reinforced catalytic detection of extracellular vesicles and diagnosis of cancer","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"507","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay1984","article-title":"Applications of liquid biopsies for cancer","volume":"11","author":"Mattox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2025.115762","article-title":"Small data, big challenges: machine- and deep-learning strategies for data-limited drug discovery","volume":"229","author":"Pallikkavaliyaveetil","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib15","article-title":"DNA walkers for biosensing development","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.107213","article-title":"Unveiling urinary extracellular vesicle mRNA signature for early diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5492","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CC00965C","article-title":"Design and bioanalytical applications of stochastic DNA walkers","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202116932","article-title":"A self-serviced-track 3D DNA Walker for ultrasensitive detection of tumor exosomes by glycoprotein profiling","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12708","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c01422","article-title":"Antifouling capture and dual-targeting recognition-induced signal amplification for triple-mode detection and identification of circulating tumor cells","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib20","article-title":"In vivo metabolic engineering of bladder cancer-derived extracellular vesicles for noninvasive cancer detection","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62613-0","article-title":"Single extracellular vesicle imaging via rolling circle amplification-expansion microscopy","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12035","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c01140","article-title":"Aptamer-based detection of circulating targets for precision medicine","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19522","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c06429","article-title":"Ratiometric 3D DNA machine combined with machine learning algorithm for ultrasensitive and high-precision screening of early urinary diseases","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15745","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c03239","article-title":"Dual-recognition triggered proximity ligation combined with a rolling circle amplification strategy for analysis of exosomal protein-specific glycosylation","volume":"95","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01509-9","article-title":"Exosomes as a new frontier of cancer liquid biopsy","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12346","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c02104","article-title":"Intraparticle and interparticle transferable DNA walker supported by DNA micelles for rapid detection of microRNA","volume":"93","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29053","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c10390","article-title":"Fingerprint profiling of glycans on extracellular vesicles via lectin-induced aggregation strategy for precise cancer diagnostics","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020233","article-title":"Current progress of ratiometric fluorescence sensors based on carbon dots in foodborne contaminant detection","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7084","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c08070","article-title":"A triple-functional CuO@PANI@L-His architecture for nanozyme-enhanced photoelectrochemical chiral sensing of DOPA enantiomers","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124456","article-title":"A colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode biosensing platform based on nanozyme-functionalized flower-like DNA structures for tumor-derived exosome detection","volume":"258","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c00141","article-title":"Aptamer-cholesterol-mediated proximity ligation assay for accurate identification of exosomes","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7291","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c00287","article-title":"Early diagnosis of kidney injury via ultrasensitive detection of urine-derived exosomes using a dual-signal amplification strategy","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202004492","article-title":"Accurate cancer diagnosis and stage monitoring enabled by comprehensive profiling of different types of exosomal biomarkers: surface proteins and miRNAs","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"}],"container-title":["Biosensors and Bioelectronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956566326007414?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956566326007414?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:26:10Z","timestamp":1788528370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956566326007414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0956566326007414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-5663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-5663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Proximity-confined DNA walking-nanozyme cascades for multiplexed urinary extracellular vesicle phenotyping and machine learning-assisted disease stratification","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119109","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119109"}}