{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:45:07Z","timestamp":1791924307385,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011912","name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V115C-199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V115C-199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011912","name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V110C-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V110C-018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105-2320-B-075-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105-2320-B-075-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["115-2320-B-075-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115-2320-B-075-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2320-B-075-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2320-B-075-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108-2745-8-075-001-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2745-8-075-001-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biosensors and Bioelectronics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:10:14Z","timestamp":1787008214000},"page":"119121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["AI-automated portable FRET platform for ultra-sensitive and rapid on-site lead sensing using a bacterial biosensor"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"Yu-Sheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Yun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Chi","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Qun","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Fen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ying","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ling","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9483-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Yi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Jer","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6923-4855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De-Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2375-z","article-title":"A deep learning-based algorithm for 2-D cell segmentation in microscopy images","volume":"19","author":"Al-Kofahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2019.01.003","article-title":"Deep learning for cell image segmentation and ranking","volume":"72","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imag. Graph. : Off. J. Computeriz. Med. Imag. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1017\/S143192761600012X","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of FRET-b ased biosensors for Cell- and organelle-specific analyses in plants","volume":"22","author":"Banerjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal. : Off. J. Microsc. Soc. Am., Microbeam Anal. Soc., Microsc. Soc. Canada"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5738","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c05774","article-title":"Genetically encoded FRET-based nanosensor for real-time monitoring of A549 exosomes: early diagnosis of cancer","volume":"95","author":"Bano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5651","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.19.5651-5658.2001","article-title":"Cloning and functional analysis of the pbr lead resistance determinant of Ralstonia metallidurans CH34","volume":"183","author":"Borremans","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2009.01.003","article-title":"Genetically encoded FRET-based biosensors for multiparameter fluorescence imaging","volume":"20","author":"Carlson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2021.112939","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of RhoA activities of single breast tumor cells in a 3D environment revealed by a machine learning-assisted FRET technique","volume":"410","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs007","article-title":"Intracellular Pb2+ content monitoring using a protein-based Pb2+ indicator","volume":"126","author":"Chiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(01)00125-7","article-title":"Microbial biosensors","volume":"16","author":"D'Souza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12573","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00293","article-title":"Molecular spies in action: genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors light up cellular signals","volume":"124","author":"Gest","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11707","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00333","article-title":"Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors illuminate the spatiotemporal regulation of signaling networks","volume":"118","author":"Greenwald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01094-0","article-title":"Whole-cell segmentation of tissue images with human-level performance using large-scale data annotation and deep learning","volume":"40","author":"Greenwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00078","article-title":"Simple method for proper analysis of FRET sensor titration data and intracellular imaging experiments based on isosbestic points","volume":"1","author":"Hessels","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44650-0","article-title":"Advanced FRET normalization allows quantitative analysis of protein interactions including stoichiometries and relative affinities in living cells","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2025.127015","article-title":"Deep neural network-based detection of lead contamination via F\u00f6rster resonance energy transfer in live cells","volume":"347","author":"Jheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04780.x","article-title":"FRET-based genetically encoded sensors allow high-resolution live cell imaging of Ca2+ dynamics","volume":"69","author":"Krebs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant J. : Cell Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12030157","article-title":"Portable FRET-Based biosensor device for On-Site lead detection","volume":"12","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2537-7_5","article-title":"Automated image analysis of FRET signals for subcellular cAMP quantification","volume":"1294","author":"Leavesley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ozaf016","DOI":"10.1093\/mam\/ozaf016","article-title":"AutoFRET: an image processing-based ROI automated selection method for quantitative FRET measurements","volume":"31","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal. : Off. J. Microsc. Soc. Am., Microbeam Anal. Soc., Microsc. Soc. Canada"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007673","article-title":"DeLTA: automated cell segmentation, tracking, and lineage reconstruction using deep learning","volume":"16","author":"Lugagne","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4221","article-title":"Genetically encoded biosensors for visualizing live-cell biochemical activity at super-resolution","volume":"14","author":"Mo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-015-1873-6","article-title":"FRET-based genetically-encoded sensors for quantitative monitoring of metabolites","volume":"37","author":"Mohsin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113359","article-title":"Microbial whole-cell biosensors: current applications, challenges, and future perspectives","volume":"191","author":"Moraskie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2014.07.007","article-title":"An evaluation of genetically encoded FRET-based biosensors for quantitative metabolite analyses in vivo","volume":"191","author":"Moussa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib35","article-title":"Cellpose-SAM: superhuman generalization for cellular segmentation","volume":"28","author":"Pachitariu","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01663-4","article-title":"Cellpose 2.0: how to train your own model","volume":"19","author":"Pachitariu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15040347","article-title":"A new single-chain, genetically encoded biosensor for RhoB GTPase based on FRET, useful for live-cell imaging","volume":"15","author":"Pagano","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib38","article-title":"Automated two-dimensional spatiotemporal analysis of Mobile single-molecule FRET probes","volume":"177","author":"Schrangl","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.033","article-title":"Genetically encoded FRET-based biosensor for imaging MMP-9 activity","volume":"35","author":"Stawarski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-025-02595-5","article-title":"Cellpose3: one-click image restoration for improved cellular segmentation","volume":"22","author":"Stringer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-01018-x","article-title":"Cellpose: a generalist algorithm for cellular segmentation","volume":"18","author":"Stringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.09.005","article-title":"Microbial biosensors: a review","volume":"26","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22315","article-title":"High throughput FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions by slide-based imaging laser scanning cytometry","volume":"83","author":"Szal\u00f3ki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.08.017","article-title":"Automated selection of regions of interest for intensity-based FRET analysis of transferrin endocytic trafficking in normal vs. cancer cells","volume":"66","author":"Talati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods (San Diego, Calif.)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2392","article-title":"Where microbiology meets microengineering: design and applications of reporter bacteria","volume":"8","author":"van der Meer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13081375","article-title":"FRET based biosensor: principle applications recent advances and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Verma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2025.109208","article-title":"FRET-SAM: SAM_Med2D-based automatic FRET two-hybrid analysis","volume":"275","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Progr. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112571","article-title":"High-performance FRET biosensors for single-cell and in vivo lead detection","volume":"168","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2012.09.031","article-title":"Quantitative intensity-based FRET approaches--a comparative snapshot","volume":"103","author":"Zeug","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12783","article-title":"Automated E-FRET microscope for dynamical live-cell FRET imaging","volume":"274","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microsc."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119240","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000}},{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119240","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,15]],"date-time":"2026-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1797292800000}}],"container-title":["Biosensors and Bioelectronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956566326007530?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956566326007530?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:50:36Z","timestamp":1791921036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956566326007530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0956566326007530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-5663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-5663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"AI-automated portable FRET platform for ultra-sensitive and rapid on-site lead sensing using a bacterial biosensor","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2026.119121","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119121"}}