{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:17:02Z","timestamp":1776424622299,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T12:41:54Z","timestamp":1726749714000},"page":"105338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Causal Modeling and Thermodynamics: Towards a new convergence of the two fields"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"246","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0043-5616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan Costa","family":"Baciu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib1","series-title":"On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules","author":"Addison","year":"1855"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Chicago schools: large-scale dissemination and reception","volume":"2","author":"Baciu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prometheus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2020.104208","article-title":"Cultural life: theory and empirical testing","author":"Baciu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-01540-1","article-title":"Causal models, creativity, and diversity","author":"Baciu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Science Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib5","first-page":"136","article-title":"Mapping diversity: from ecology and human geography to urbanism and culture","volume":"2","author":"Baciu","year":"2022","journal-title":"SNSS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib6","series-title":"The New Science of Cities","author":"Batty","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib7","series-title":"Vortr\u00e4ge und Aufs\u00e4tze \u00fcber Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 26","article-title":"Die Grundprinzipien der rein wissenschaftlichen Biologie und ihre Anwendungen in der Physiologie und Pathologie","author":"Bauer","year":"1920"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib8","series-title":"Theoretische Biologie","author":"Bauer","year":"1935"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(96)00175-5","article-title":"Constructal-theory network of conducting paths for cooling a heat generating volume","volume":"40","author":"Bejan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Tran."},{"issue":"15\u201317","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(98)00054-5","article-title":"Constructal-theory: from thermodynamic and geometric optimization to predicting shape in nature","volume":"38","author":"Bejan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib11","series-title":"Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature","author":"Bejan","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib12","series-title":"Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics","author":"Bejan","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib13","series-title":"The Physics of Life","author":"Bejan","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib14","series-title":"Freedom and Evolution: Hierarchy in Nature, Society and Science","author":"Bejan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4941554","article-title":"Complexity, organization, evolution, and constructal law","volume":"119","author":"Bejan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.10.029","article-title":"The physics of spreading ideas","volume":"55","author":"Bejan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Tran."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4798429","article-title":"Constructal law of design and evolution: physics, biology, technology, and society","volume":"113","author":"Bejan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib18","series-title":"Constructal Theory of Social Dynamics","author":"Bejan","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib19","series-title":"Design in Nature: How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology, Physics, Technology, and Social Organization","author":"Bejan","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib20","series-title":"Introduction \u00e0\u2019l\u00e9tude de la medicine exp\u00e9rimentale","author":"Bernard","year":"1865"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib21","unstructured":"Bernoulli, J. (1713). Ars Conjectandi. Basel."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib22","first-page":"85","volume":"vol. 18","author":"Burgess","year":"1925"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib23","series-title":"Histologie du syst\u00e8me Nerveux de l\u2019homme et des Vert\u00e9br\u00e9s","author":"Cajal","year":"1904"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib24","series-title":"R\u00e9flexions sur la puissance motrice du fou et sur les machines propres a d\u00e9velopper cette puissance","author":"Carnot","year":"1824"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib25","series-title":"Introduction to Algorithms","author":"Cormen","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib26","series-title":"Recherches sur la th\u00e9orie des quanta [Research on Quantum Theory] (Doctoral dissertation)","author":"de Broglie","year":"1924"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib27","first-page":"1217","article-title":"On the relativity of inertia. Remarks concerning Einstein's latest hypothesis","volume":"19","author":"De Sitter","year":"1917","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Koninklijke Akademie Van Wetenschappen Te Amsterdam"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib28","series-title":"Applied Numerical Linear Algebra","author":"Demmel","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib29","series-title":"From Strange Simplicity to Complex Familiarity","author":"Eigen","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2023.105090","article-title":"Ervin Bauer's concept of biological thermodynamics and its different evaluations","volume":"235","author":"Elek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib31","series-title":"Discrete Mathematics with Applications","author":"Epp","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib32","series-title":"Th\u00e9orie analytique de la chaleur","author":"Fourier","year":"1822"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib33","first-page":"244","volume":"vol. 33","author":"Golgi","year":"1873"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/01944369608975695","article-title":"Beyond polycentricity: the dispersed metropolis, Los Angeles, 1970-1990","volume":"62","author":"Gordon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Plann. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib35","series-title":"The Swerve: How the World Became Modern","author":"Greenblatt","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/000271624524200103","article-title":"The nature of cities","volume":"242","author":"Harris","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib37","series-title":"Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics","author":"Hofbauer","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib82","article-title":"Homo ludens: Proeve eener bepaling van het spel-element der cultuur","author":"Huizinga","year":"1938","journal-title":"Wolters-Noordhoff"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2023.105089","article-title":"Biological Thermodynamics: Ervin Bauer and the unification of life sciences and physics","volume":"235","author":"Igamberdiev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105258","article-title":"Biological thermodynamics: bridging the gap between physics and life","author":"Igamberdiev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib40","first-page":"423","article-title":"The night lights of Earth: understanding urbanization and its impacts through satellite imagery","volume":"84","author":"Imhoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rem. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib41","article-title":"\u00dcber die Mosaikkrankheit der Tabakspflanze","author":"Ivanovsky","year":"1892","journal-title":"St. Petersburg: Commissionnaires de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Imperiale des Sciences"},{"issue":"772","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib42","first-page":"700","article-title":"A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics","volume":"115","author":"Kermack","year":"1927","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. - Ser. A Contain. Pap. a Math. Phys. Character"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib43","series-title":"The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms","author":"Knuth","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib44","series-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber die \u00c4tiologie der Wundinfektionskrankheiten","author":"Koch","year":"1876"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib45","series-title":"Advanced Engineering Mathematics","author":"Kreyszig","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib46","series-title":"The Theory of Matrices","author":"Lancaster","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib47","series-title":"Doing Philosophy: A Practical Guide for Students","author":"Lipson","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib48","series-title":"Elements of Physical Biology","author":"Lotka","year":"1925"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib49","first-page":"167","article-title":"The law of evolution as a maximal principle","volume":"17","author":"Lotka","year":"1945","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib50","unstructured":"Lucretius. (circa 50 BCE). De Rerum Natura [On the Nature of Things]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib51","series-title":"Handbook of Matrices","author":"Lutkepohl","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib52","series-title":"An Essay on the Principle of Population, or a View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness; with an Inquiry into Our Prospects Respecting Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils Which it Occasions","author":"Malthus","year":"1826"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib53","series-title":"Night Lights: Seeing Earth from Space","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib54","series-title":"Cours D'\u00c9conomie Politique","author":"Pareto","year":"1896"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib55","series-title":"The City: Suggestions for Investigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment","author":"Park","year":"1925"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib56","first-page":"5","article-title":"M\u00e9moire sur les corpuscules organis\u00e9s qui existent dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Examen de la doctrine des. G\u00e9n\u00e9rations spontan\u00e9es","volume":"64","author":"Pasteur","year":"1861","journal-title":"Annales de Chimie t de Physique"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.75.559","article-title":"The cosmological constant and dark energy","volume":"75","author":"Peebles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib58","series-title":"Cycles of Time: an Extraordinary New View of the Universe","author":"Penrose","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib59","series-title":"Vorlesungen \u00fcber Thermodynamik","author":"Planck","year":"1897"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.19013090310","article-title":"\u00dcber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum","volume":"309","author":"Planck","year":"1901","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib61","series-title":"Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature","author":"Prigogine","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib62","article-title":"Sur l'homme et le d\u00e9veloppement de ses facult\u00e9s, ou Essai de physique sociale","author":"Quetelet","year":"1835","journal-title":"Bachelier"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib63","series-title":"Discrete Mathematics and its Applications","author":"Rosen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib64","series-title":"M\u00fcllers Archiv f\u00fcr Anatomie und Physiologie","first-page":"137","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Phytogenesis","author":"Schleiden","year":"1838"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib65","series-title":"What Is Life? the Physical Aspect of the Living Cell","author":"Schr\u00f6dinger","year":"1944"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib66","series-title":"Mikroscopische Untersuchungen \u00fcber die \u00dcbereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Tiere und Pflanzen","author":"Schwann","year":"1839"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib67","series-title":"The City: Los Angeles and Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century","author":"Scott","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell System Technical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib69","series-title":"The Mathematical Theory of Communication","author":"Shannon","year":"1949"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib70","series-title":"Linear Algebra","author":"Shilov","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib71","article-title":"Cosmic superclusters, the Universe's largest structures, don't actually exist","author":"Siegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Big Think"},{"issue":"4148","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0","article-title":"Measurement of diversity","volume":"163","author":"Simpson","year":"1949","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib73","series-title":"The Life of the Cosmos","author":"Smolin","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib74","series-title":"Antifragile: Things that Gain from Disorder","author":"Taleb","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib75","series-title":"Adrian Bejan","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1017\/S0080456800022481","article-title":"An account of Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat","volume":"16","author":"Thomson","year":"1849","journal-title":"Transactions of the Edinburgh Royal Society"},{"issue":"7516","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13674","article-title":"The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies","volume":"513","author":"Tully","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1112\/plms\/s2-42.1.230","article-title":"On computable numbers, with an application to the entscheidungsproblem","volume":"42","author":"Turing","year":"1936","journal-title":"Proc. Lond. Math. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib79","series-title":"World Population Prospects 2019. Highlights","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3406\/marb.1845.3438","article-title":"Recherches math\u00e9matiques sur la loi d'accroissement de la population","author":"Verhulst","year":"1845","journal-title":"Nouveaux M\u00e9moires de l'Acad\u00e9mie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338_bib81","first-page":"557","article-title":"Correlation and causation","volume":"20","author":"Wright","year":"1921","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res."}],"container-title":["BioSystems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303264724002235?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303264724002235?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T03:39:38Z","timestamp":1732937978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0303264724002235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S0303264724002235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338","relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-2647"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-2647","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Causal Modeling and Thermodynamics: Towards a new convergence of the two fields","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"BioSystems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105338","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105338"}}