{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T12:06:27Z","timestamp":1779451587529,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T17:20:23Z","timestamp":1768929623000},"page":"105709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Double exponential neuron evolution versus merely exponential Artificial Intelligence (AI): Reconsideration of Kurzweil's Singularity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"261","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5530-8235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varshith","family":"Madishetty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lalith","family":"Bharadwaj Baru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hussain Ather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib1","series-title":"Special Issue: Beyond the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis- what have we Missed?","article-title":"Quantifying mosaic development: towards an evo-devo postmodern synthesis of the evolution of development via differentiation trees of embryos [invited]","author":"Alicea","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib2","article-title":"Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and BMJ Global health","volume":"6","author":"Betran","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib3","series-title":"Gregg Braden","article-title":"Human evolution: the risk of AI hybrids & how to become SUPERHUMAN","author":"Bialik","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib4","author":"Bort"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib5","series-title":"Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies","author":"Bostrom","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1137\/S1064827595289108","article-title":"A subspace, interior, and conjugate gradienta subspace, method for large-scale bound-constrained method minimization problems","volume":"21","author":"Branch","year":"1999","journal-title":"SIAM J. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib7","series-title":"Watch How it Evolves","article-title":"To understand AI","author":"Brubaker","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1137\/0806023","article-title":"An interior trust region approach for nonlinear minimization subject to bounds","volume":"6","author":"Coleman","year":"1996","journal-title":"SIAM J. Optim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib10","author":"Duffy"},{"issue":"3172","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1126\/science.122.3172.692","article-title":"Effect of size and number of brain cells on learning in larvae of the salamander, Triturus viridescens","volume":"122","author":"Fankhauser","year":"1955","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13060398","article-title":"Obstetrical constraints and the origin of extended postnatal brain maturation in hominin evolution","volume":"13","author":"Fr\u00e9mondi\u00e8re","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib13","article-title":"The hierarchical genome and differentiation waves: novel unification of development","author":"Gordon","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/01969720151033616","article-title":"Making waves: the paradigms of developmental biology and their impact on artificial life and embryonics","volume":"32","author":"Gordon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cybern. Syst."},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.052103rg","article-title":"Mechanics in embryogenesis and embryonics: prime mover or epiphenomenon?","volume":"50","author":"Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2021.104367","article-title":"Are we on the cusp of a new paradigm for biology? The illogic of molecular developmental biology versus Janus-faced control of embryogenesis via differentiation waves","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioSystems 203 (2021)\u00a0104367"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105483","article-title":"Is there a relationship between embryonic electric currents and differentiation waves?","author":"Gordon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib18","series-title":"Geology and Biology of the Mid-proterozoic: Evolution of Earth and Life in the \u2018Boring Billion\u2019 Epoch [BORB, Volume in the Series Astrobiology Perspectives on Life of the Universe, Series Ed. Martin Beech","article-title":"Complex multicellularity and continuing differentiation: the evolution of mosaic and regulating animals","author":"Gordon","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib19","series-title":"IPCAT2003 5th International Workshop on Information Processing in Cells and Tissues, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland, School of Computer and Communication Sciences, Logic Systems Laboratory, September 8-11, 2003 [Flyer]","article-title":"Special session: morphomechanics of the embryo and genome + artificial life -> embryonics [English]","author":"Gordon","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib20","series-title":"Embryogenesis Explained","author":"Gordon","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2020.104169","article-title":"French flag gradients and turing reaction-diffusion versus differentiation waves as models of morphogenesis","volume":"196","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-01940-0","article-title":"Development of the immune system in the human embryo","volume":"92","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib23","author":"Izzo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib24","series-title":"The Singularity is Nearer: when we Merge with AI","author":"Kurzweil","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib25","article-title":"Molecular and functional convergences associated with complex multicellularity in eukarya","volume":"42","author":"Lobo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib26","series-title":"Advances in Artificial Life, Proceedings","first-page":"377","article-title":"Towards robust bio-inspired circuits: the embryonics approach","author":"Mange","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib27","series-title":"Workshop on Artificial Life and Virtual Reality","first-page":"61","article-title":"Introduction to embryonics: towards new self-repairing and self-reproducing hardware based on biological-like properties","author":"Mange","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib28","series-title":"1996 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - Circuits and Systems Connecting the World (ISCAS 96)","first-page":"25","article-title":"Embryonics: a new family of coarse-grained field-programmable gate array with self-repair and self-reproducing properties","author":"Mange","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1109\/92.711310","article-title":"Embryonics: a new methodology for designing field-programmable gate arrays with self-repair and self-replicating properties","volume":"6","author":"Mange","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib30","series-title":"Evolvable Systems: from Biology to Hardware","first-page":"174","article-title":"Embryonics: a macroscopic view of the cellular architecture","author":"Mange","year":"1998"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612410113","article-title":"Cliff-edge model of obstetric selection in humans","volume":"113","author":"Mitteroecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib32","series-title":"Cheaper Embryonic Screening Lets you Select your Baby's Intelligence","author":"Mushet","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib33","series-title":"Evolution by Gene Duplication","author":"Ohno","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib34","author":"Orf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib35","series-title":"Evolvable Systems: from Biology to Hardware","first-page":"206","article-title":"MUXTREE revisited:: embryonics as a reconfiguration strategy in fault-tolerant processor arrays","author":"Ortega-S\u00e1nchez","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib36","author":"Sabri"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib37","author":"Sadeghi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib38","series-title":"EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2025","article-title":"How common are biological ETIs in the galaxy?","author":"Scherf","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib39","series-title":"Embryology, Neural Tube, StatPearls","author":"Singh","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib40","author":"Stone"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt0534","article-title":"An ancient enhancer rapidly evolving in the human lineage promotes neural development and cognitive flexibility","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib43","first-page":"143","article-title":"The embryonics project: a machine made of artificial cells","volume":"92","author":"Tempesti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Riv. Biol.-Biol. Forum"},{"issue":"2057","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib44","article-title":"Spontaneous ectopic head formation enables reversal of the body axis polarity in microscopic flatworms","volume":"292","author":"Tratkiewicz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib46","author":"Waldek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib47","author":"Waldek"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(69)80016-0","article-title":"Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation","volume":"25","author":"Wolpert","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."}],"container-title":["BioSystems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303264726000195?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303264726000195?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T11:19:28Z","timestamp":1779448768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0303264726000195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0303264726000195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709","relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-2647"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-2647","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Double exponential neuron evolution versus merely exponential Artificial Intelligence (AI): Reconsideration of Kurzweil's Singularity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"BioSystems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biosystems.2026.105709","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105709"}}