{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:36:05Z","timestamp":1791941765276,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003752","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP120200122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP120200122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biotechnology Advances"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,26]],"date-time":"2015-04-26T04:59:13Z","timestamp":1430024353000},"page":"888-901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["Drug resistance in Giardia duodenalis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-897X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan R.E.","family":"Ansell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm J.","family":"McConville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Showgy Y.","family":"Ma'ayeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Dagley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin B.","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Staffan G.","family":"Sv\u00e4rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron R.","family":"Jex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1086\/320751","article-title":"Successful treatment of metronidazole- and albendazole-resistant giardiasis with nitazoxanide in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Abboud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.1.103","article-title":"In vitro activity of nitazoxanide and related compounds against isolates of Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"49","author":"Adagu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.447-475.2001","article-title":"Biology of Giardia lamblia","volume":"14","author":"Adam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.12.3.1194","article-title":"The cysteine-rich protein gene family of Giardia lamblia: loss of the CRP170 gene in an antigenic variant","volume":"12","author":"Adam","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-52","article-title":"Epigenetic inheritance based evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Adam","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt197","article-title":"Genome sequencing of Giardia lamblia genotypes A2 and B isolates (DH and GS) and comparative analysis with the genomes of genotypes A1 and E (WB and Pig)","volume":"5","author":"Adam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth805","article-title":"Mutation discovery in bacterial genomes: metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori","volume":"2","author":"Albert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10771","article-title":"High-throughput decoding of antitrypanosomal drug efficacy and resistance","volume":"482","author":"Alsford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.11.002","article-title":"Opsonic requirements for the respiratory burst of neutrophils against Giardia lamblia trophozoites","volume":"37","author":"Arbo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.05.015","article-title":"In vitro resistance to 5-nitroimidazoles and benzimidazoles in Giardia duodenalis: variability and variation in gene expression","volume":"9","author":"Arg\u00fcello-Garc\u00eda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s160","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir705","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis genital infections: progress and challenges","volume":"53","author":"Bachmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6203-4","article-title":"Quantitative mass spectrometry in proteomics: critical review update from 2007 to the present","volume":"404","author":"Bantscheff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67294","article-title":"Persistent G. lamblia impairs growth in a murine malnutrition model","volume":"123","author":"Bartelt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-12-3359","article-title":"The antioxidant potential of pyruvate in the amitochondriate diplomonads Giardia intestinalis and Hexamita inflata","volume":"147","author":"Biagini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90278-7","article-title":"Altered uptake of metronidazole in vitro by stocks of Giardia intestinalis with different drug sensitivities","volume":"82","author":"Boreham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0080","series-title":"Biochemical Protozoology","article-title":"Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance to nitroheterocyclic drugs in Giardia intestinalis","author":"Boreham","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.133728.111","article-title":"Sequential ChIP-bisulfite sequencing enables direct genome-scale investigation of chromatin and DNA methylation cross-talk","volume":"22","author":"Brinkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90169-X","article-title":"Cysteine is the major low-molecular weight thiol in Giardia duodenalis","volume":"61","author":"Brown","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)00065-9","article-title":"Free radical detoxification in Giardia duodenalis","volume":"72","author":"Brown","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0155t.x","article-title":"A H2O-producing NADH oxidase from the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis","volume":"241","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(96)02776-4","article-title":"A thioredoxin reductase-class of disulphide reductase in the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis","volume":"83","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00172-0","article-title":"Anaerobic bacterial metabolism in the ancient eukaryote Giardia duodenalis","volume":"28","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1210","article-title":"New perspectives on the diversification of the RNA interference system: insights from comparative genomics and small RNA sequencing","volume":"5","author":"Burroughs","year":"2014","journal-title":"WIREs RNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5526","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01026-13","article-title":"Identification and characterization of novel Helicobacter pylori apo-fur-regulated target genes","volume":"195","author":"Carpenter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0125","series-title":"Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase","author":"Chabriere","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02941248","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide is a product of oxygen consumption by Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"24","author":"Chapman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01552724","article-title":"Physical map of a 2Mb chromosome of the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chromosome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-550","article-title":"Characterization of RNase MRP RNA and novel snoRNAs from Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.06.005","article-title":"Networks of gene expression regulation in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"195","author":"Clayton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304359200","article-title":"The amitochondriate eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis contains a divergent thioredoxin-linked peroxiredoxin antioxidant system","volume":"279","author":"Coombs","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2008.05.015","article-title":"Lowering of 5-nitroimidazole's mutagenicity: towards optimal antiparasitic pharmacophore","volume":"44","author":"Crozet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01863.x","article-title":"Inhibition of pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase gene expression in Giardia lamblia by a virus-mediated hammerhead ribozyme","volume":"36","author":"Dan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(02)00063-4","article-title":"Genetic manipulation of Giardia lamblia","volume":"122","author":"Davis-Hayman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(02)00005-1","article-title":"Linking chromatin function with metabolic networks: Sir2 family of NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases","volume":"28","author":"Denu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4061","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705605200","article-title":"The O2-scavenging flavodiiron protein in the human parasite Giardia intestinalis","volume":"283","author":"Di Matteo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-55200-0_30","article-title":"Metronidazole and the redox biochemistry of Entamoeba histolytica","author":"Duch\u00eane","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.03.004","article-title":"A new-generation 5-nitroimidazole can induce highly metronidazole-resistant Giardia lamblia in vitro","volume":"36","author":"Dunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-012-0434-4","article-title":"Mass appeal: metabolite identification in mass spectrometry-focused untargeted metabolomics","volume":"9","author":"Dunn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.3.1478","article-title":"Nitric oxide production by human intestinal epithelial cells and competition for arginine as potential determinants of host defense against the lumen-dwelling pathogen Giardia lamblia","volume":"164","author":"Eckmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/31.1.9","article-title":"Nitroimidazole drugs\u2014action and resistance mechanisms. I. Mechanisms of action","volume":"31","author":"Edwards","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/31.2.201","article-title":"Nitroimidazole drugs\u2014action and resistance mechanisms. II. Mechanisms of resistance","volume":"31","author":"Edwards","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(93)90095-G","article-title":"Oxygen affinities of metronidazole-resistant and-sensitive stocks of Giardia intestinalis","volume":"23","author":"Ellis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.12.1885","article-title":"Giardiasis: a pharmacotherapy review","volume":"8","author":"Escobedo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.554","article-title":"Role of oxygen gradients in shaping redox relationships between the human intestine and its microbiota","volume":"55","author":"Espey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70260-0","article-title":"Giardiasis","volume":"25","author":"Farthing","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0557","volume":"3","author":"Farthing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Treatment options for the eradication of intestinal protozoa Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(99)01533-9","article-title":"Flavoenzymes: diverse catalysts with recurrent features","volume":"25","author":"Fraaije","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000560","article-title":"Draft genome sequencing of Giardia intestinalis assemblage B isolate GS: is human giardiasis caused by two different species?","volume":"5","author":"Franz\u00e9n","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003000","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling of Giardia intestinalis using strand-specific RNA-Seq","volume":"28","author":"Franz\u00e9n","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(03)00226-0","article-title":"Sir2 regulates skeletal muscle differentiation as a potential sensor of the redox state","volume":"12","author":"Fulco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.114-128.2001","article-title":"Treatment of giardiasis","volume":"14","author":"Gardner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(81)90055-2","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia: effects of cysteine and oxygen tension on trophozoite attachment to glass and survival in culture media","volume":"52","author":"Gillin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(82)90600-1","article-title":"Effects of oxygen tension and reducing agents on sensitivity of Giardia lamblia to metronidazole in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Gillin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.12.4463","article-title":"Isolation and expression of the gene for a major surface protein of Giardia lamblia","volume":"87","author":"Gillin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28260","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.579086","article-title":"Flavodiiron oxygen reductase from Entamoeba histolytica: modulation of substrate preference by tyrosine 271 and lysine 53","volume":"289","author":"Goncalves","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00806.x","article-title":"Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori is due to null mutations in a gene (rdxA) that encodes an oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitroreductase","volume":"28","author":"Goodwin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.9.1021","article-title":"Sir2 links chromatin silencing, metabolism, and aging","volume":"14","author":"Guarente","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.239","article-title":"The impoverished gut\u2014a triple burden of diarrhoea, stunting and chronic disease","volume":"10","author":"Guerrant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8974","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i47.8974","article-title":"Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections","volume":"19","author":"Halliez","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/980829","article-title":"Reconstruction of sugar metabolic pathways of Giardia lamblia","volume":"2012","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.12.009","article-title":"The effects of metronidazole and furazolidone during Giardia differentiation into cysts","volume":"113","author":"Hausen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01159-06","article-title":"Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"51","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026218","article-title":"A single eubacterial origin of eukaryotic pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase genes: implications for the evolution of anaerobic eukaryotes","volume":"16","author":"Horner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1831","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001831","article-title":"Dramatic increase in glycerol biosynthesis upon oxidative stress in the anaerobic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Kita K, editor","volume":"6","author":"Husain","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1089","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals","volume":"33","author":"Jaenisch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0325","first-page":"81","article-title":"Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in Giardia: a review","volume":"42","author":"Jarroll","year":"1995","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26889","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.106310","article-title":"Two atypical l-cysteine-regulated NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases involved in redox maintenance, l-cystine and iron reduction, and metronidazole activation in the enteric protozoan Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"285","author":"Jeelani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-543","article-title":"Genome analysis and comparative genomics of a Giardia intestinalis assemblage E isolate","volume":"11","author":"Jerlstr\u00f6m-Hultqvist","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.08.003","article-title":"In vitro activity of two phenyl-carbamate derivatives, singly and in combination with albendazole against albendazole-resistant Giardia intestinalis","volume":"92","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Cardoso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1363-7","article-title":"Changes in \u03b2-giardin sequence of Giardia intestinalis sensitive and resistant to albendazole strains","volume":"105","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Cardoso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0350","first-page":"165","article-title":"Oxidative stress in childhood malnutrition and diarrhoeal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Khaled","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Diarrhoeal Dis Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3686","article-title":"A guide to genome engineering with programmable nucleases","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.8.4470","article-title":"Cloning and expression of a prokaryotic enzyme, arginine deiminase, from a primitive eukaryote Giardia intestinalis","volume":"273","author":"Knodler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0365","first-page":"197","article-title":"The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000","volume":"81","author":"Kosek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.40.100186.000543","article-title":"Microaerophily and oxygen toxicity","volume":"40","author":"Krieg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(02)00009-9","article-title":"A conserved domain in prokaryotic bifunctional FAD synthetases can potentially catalyze nucleotide transfer","volume":"28","author":"Krupa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00155-6","article-title":"Trichomonads, hydrogenosomes and drug resistance","volume":"29","author":"Kulda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021","article-title":"Action of nitroheterocyclic drugs against Clostridium difficile","volume":"44","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/1040-840291046713","article-title":"Current trends in research into the waterborne parasite Giardia","volume":"28","author":"Lane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06675.x","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis: metronidazole and other nitroimidazole drugs are reduced by the flavin enzyme thioredoxin reductase and disrupt the cellular redox system. Implications for nitroimidazole toxicity and resistance","volume":"72","author":"Leitsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr192","article-title":"Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thioredoxin reductase are involved in 5-nitroimidazole activation while flavin metabolism is linked to 5-nitroimidazole resistance in Giardia lamblia","volume":"66","author":"Leitsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2012.04.002","article-title":"Nitroimidazole drugs vary in their mode of action in the human parasite Giardia lamblia","volume":"2","author":"Leitsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2012.03.003","article-title":"Down-regulation of flavin reductase and alcohol dehydrogenase-1 (ADH1) in metronidazole-resistant isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"183","author":"Leitsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.5.819","article-title":"Metronidazole and albendazole susceptibility of 11 clinical isolates of Giardia duodenalis from France","volume":"46","author":"Lem\u00e9e","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004085","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004085","article-title":"Metabolic QTL analysis links chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum to impaired hemoglobin catabolism","volume":"10","author":"Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04896.x","article-title":"A likely molecular basis of the susceptibility of Giardia lamblia towards oxygen","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2009.06.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of catalysis and inhibition operative in the arginine deiminase from the human pathogen Giardia lamblia","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(88)90061-8","article-title":"Heat shock and stress response in Giardia lamblia","volume":"28","author":"Lindley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(80)90037-7","article-title":"Energy metabolism of the anaerobic protozoon Giardia lamblia","volume":"1","author":"Lindmark","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(88)90032-1","article-title":"The purification and properties of two soluble reduced nicotinamide: acceptor oxidoreductases from Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"27","author":"Linstead","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(00)00194-8","article-title":"Ferredoxin involvement in metronidazole resistance of Giardia duodenalis","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26834-0","article-title":"The plasma membrane of microaerophilic protists: oxidative and nitrosative stress","volume":"150","author":"Lloyd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0460","series-title":"Biochemistry and molecular biology of \u2018anaerobic\u2019 protozoa","first-page":"267","article-title":"Aerotolerantly anaerobic protozoa: some unsolved problems","author":"Lloyd","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-12-3109","article-title":"The microaerophilic flagellate Giardia intestinalis: oxygen and its reaction products collapse membrane potential and cause cytotoxicity","volume":"146","author":"Lloyd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0470","series-title":"Giardia","article-title":"Oxygen homeodynamics","author":"Lloyd","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38819-2","article-title":"Protein disulfide-isomerase is a substrate for thioredoxin reductase and has thioredoxin-like activity","volume":"265","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.04.004","article-title":"Representational difference analysis identifies specific genes in the interaction of Giardia duodenalis with the murine intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC-6","volume":"42","author":"Ma'ayeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.03.006","article-title":"Macrophages expressing arginase 1 and nitric oxide synthase 2 accumulate in the small intestine during Giardia lamblia infection","author":"Maloney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12020","article-title":"Structure of RdxA \u2014 an oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase essential for metronidazole activation in Helicobacter pylori","volume":"279","author":"Mart\u00ednez-J\u00falvez","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.07.137","article-title":"Flavohemoglobin and nitric oxide detoxification in the human protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis","volume":"399","author":"Mastronicola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.409","article-title":"Giardia intestinalis escapes oxidative stress by colonizing the small intestine: a molecular hypothesis","volume":"63","author":"Mastronicola","year":"2011","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002631","article-title":"Functional characterization of peroxiredoxins from the human protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Dinglasan RR, editor","volume":"8","author":"Mastronicola","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb0706-563","article-title":"A close look at NAD biosynthesis","volume":"13","author":"Mattevi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003931","article-title":"The evolutionary origins of eukaryotic protein disulfide isomerase domains: new evidence from the amitochondriate protist Giardia lamblia","volume":"18","author":"McArthur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0520","series-title":"Old Herborn University Seminar Monographs","article-title":"Frequent symptomatic or asymptomatic infections may have long-term consequences on growth and cognitive development","author":"McCormick","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80950-7","article-title":"Chemotherapy in giardiasis: clinical responses and in vitro drug sensitivity of human isolates in axenic culture","volume":"108","author":"McIntyre","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(92)90116-9","article-title":"The uptake and conversion of L-[U14C-] aspartate and L-[U14C-] alanine to 14CO2 by intact trophozoites of Giardia duodenalis","volume":"102","author":"Mendis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.11.006","article-title":"Variation in Giardia: towards a taxonomic revision of the genus","volume":"25","author":"Monis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-28","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome 5years after giardiasis: differential diagnoses, characteristics and natural course","volume":"13","author":"M\u00f8rch","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00100-10","article-title":"The transcriptional response to encystation stimuli in Giardia lamblia is restricted to a small set of genes","volume":"9","author":"Morf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"issue":"317","key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143837","article-title":"Genomic minimalism in the early diverging intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia","volume":"28","author":"Morrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0555","series-title":"Molecular medical parasitology","first-page":"125","article-title":"Energy metabolism. Part I: anaerobic protozoa","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm205","article-title":"Characterization of Giardia lamblia WB C6 clones resistant to nitazoxanide and to metronidazole","volume":"60","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01548-06","article-title":"A novel Giardia lamblia nitroreductase, GlNR1, interacts with nitazoxanide and other thiazolides","volume":"51","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn142","article-title":"Identification of differentially expressed genes in a Giardia lamblia WB C6 clone resistant to nitazoxanide and metronidazole","volume":"62","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt106","article-title":"Metabolism of nitro drugs metronidazole and nitazoxanide in Giardia lamblia: characterization of a novel nitroreductase (GlNR2)","volume":"68","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2015.03.001","article-title":"Comparative characterisation of two nitroreductases from Giardia lamblia as potential activators of nitro compounds","volume":"5","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3460001","article-title":"Thioredoxin reductase","volume":"346","author":"Mustacich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8841","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.16.8841","article-title":"Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens","volume":"97","author":"Nathan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr029","article-title":"Nitroreductase (GlNR1) increases susceptibility of Giardia lamblia and Escherichia coli to nitro drugs","volume":"66","author":"Nillius","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.1.2.181-190.2002","article-title":"Evidence for lateral transfer of genes encoding ferredoxins, nitroreductases, NADH oxidase, and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 from anaerobic prokaryotes to Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"1","author":"Nixon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201100283","article-title":"Barcoding of Giardia duodenalis isolates and derived lines from an established cryobank by a mutation scanning-based approach","volume":"32","author":"Nolan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07060.x","article-title":"Characterization of the NAD(P)H oxidase and metronidazole reductase activities of the RdxA nitroreductase of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"276","author":"Olekhnovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12247","article-title":"Local silencing controls the oxidative stress response and the multidrug resistance in Candida glabrata","volume":"88","author":"Orta-Zavalza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2006","article-title":"Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease","volume":"87","author":"Pacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0625","first-page":"145","article-title":"Respiration in the cysts and trophozoites of Giardia muris","volume":"135","author":"Paget","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90244-R","article-title":"The effects of oxygen on fermentation in Giardia lamblia","volume":"57","author":"Paget","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2307\/3284474","article-title":"Metabolic changes in Giardia intestinalis during differentiation","volume":"84","author":"Paget","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26836-0","article-title":"Menadione kills trophozoites and cysts of Giardia intestinalis","volume":"150","author":"Paget","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00909-08","article-title":"Giardia, Entamoeba, and Trichomonas enzymes activate metronidazole (nitroreductases) and inactivate metronidazole (nitroimidazole reductases)","volume":"53","author":"Pal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4199","article-title":"Giardia intestinalis: characterization of a NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase","volume":"88","author":"Park","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.08.021","article-title":"Proteomic and transcriptional analyses of genes differentially expressed in Giardia duodenalis clones resistant to albendazole","volume":"15","author":"Paz-Maldonado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2010.07743.x","article-title":"Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and bifunctional aldehyde-alcohol dehydrogenase are essential for energy metabolism under oxidative stress in Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"277","author":"Pineda","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153752","article-title":"Evidence for karyogamy and exchange of genetic material in the binucleate intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis","volume":"319","author":"Poxleitner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07585","article-title":"Antigenic variation in Giardia lamblia is regulated by RNA interference","volume":"456","author":"Prucca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.07.073","article-title":"Giardia lamblia encodes a functional flavohemoglobin","volume":"399","author":"Rafferty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1834","article-title":"Inherited epigenetic variation\u2014revisiting soft inheritance","volume":"7","author":"Richards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2008.02.005","article-title":"Release of metabolic enzymes by Giardia in response to interaction with intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"159","author":"Ringqvist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.09.011","article-title":"Transcriptional changes in Giardia during host\u2013parasite interactions","volume":"41","author":"Ringqvist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.11.010","article-title":"Giardiasis\u2014why do the symptoms sometimes never stop?","volume":"26","author":"Robertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2010.5","article-title":"I-TASSER: a unified platform for automated protein structure and function prediction","volume":"25","author":"Roy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1998.0664","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-Acetylating) and the mechanism of ethanol formation in the amitochondriate protist, Giardia lamblia","volume":"354","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00134-1","article-title":"Cloning and sequencing of an acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) gene from the amitochondriate protist, Giardia lamblia","volume":"233","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-3-561","article-title":"NAD(P)H:menadione oxidoreductase of the amitochondriate eukaryote Giardia lamblia: a simpler homologue of the vertebrate enzyme","volume":"147","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004382","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004382","article-title":"A HECT ubiquitin-protein ligase as a novel candidate gene for altered quinine and quinidine responses in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"10","author":"Sanchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.02.015","article-title":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the \u2018Neglected Diseases Initiative\u2019","volume":"22","author":"Savioli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90133-8","article-title":"The arginine dihydrolase pathway is present in Giardia intestinalis","volume":"20","author":"Schofield","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90197-R","article-title":"The pathway of arginine catabolism in Giardia intestinalis","volume":"51","author":"Schofield","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5091","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.18.5091-5096.2000","article-title":"Metronidazole activation is mutagenic and causes DNA fragmentation in Helicobacter pylori and in Escherichia coli containing a cloned H. pylori rdxA+ (nitroreductase) gene","volume":"182","author":"Sisson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.7.2116-2123.2002","article-title":"Enzymes associated with reductive activation and action of nitazoxanide, nitrofurans, and metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori","volume":"46","author":"Sisson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(88)90183-X","article-title":"Possible roles for pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thiol-dependent peroxidase and reductase activities in resistance to nitroheterocyclic drugs in Giardia intestinalis","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6658","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.12.6658","article-title":"A phylogenetically conserved NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase activity in the Sir2 protein family","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000682","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis","volume":"4","author":"Solaymani-Mohammadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07062.x","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms regulate stage differentiation in the minimized protozoan Giardia lamblia","volume":"76","author":"Sonda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0770","article-title":"Relationship between oxidative stress biomarkers in urine and erythrocytes, and to estimates of fecal Giardia intestinalis intensity in Guatemalan preschool children with a common menu offering (639.3)","volume":"28","author":"Soto-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12218","article-title":"An ER-directed transcriptional response to unfolded protein stress in the absence of conserved sensor-transducer proteins in Giardia lamblia","volume":"88","author":"Spycher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0780","first-page":"e00660-13","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of the host response to Giardia duodenalis infection reveals redundant mechanisms for parasite control","volume":"4","author":"Tako","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00384-11","article-title":"Impaired parasite attachment as fitness cost of metronidazole resistance in Giardia lamblia","volume":"55","author":"Tejman-Yarden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80055-0","article-title":"Molecular basis of defence against oxidative stress in Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia","volume":"1","author":"Tekwani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.017","article-title":"The superoxide reductase from the early diverging eukaryote Giardia intestinalis","volume":"51","author":"Testa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1021\/cb6002306","article-title":"Histone citrullination by protein arginine deiminase: is arginine methylation a green light or a roadblock?","volume":"1","author":"Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76184","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076184","article-title":"Giardia lamblia transcriptome analysis using TSS-Seq and RNA-Seq","volume":"8","author":"Tolba","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.026963","article-title":"Arginine deiminase has multiple regulatory roles in the biology of Giardia lamblia","volume":"121","author":"Touz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90095-T","article-title":"Induction of metronidazole and furazolidone resistance in Giardia","volume":"86","author":"Townson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(94)90062-0","article-title":"Resistance to the nitroheterocyclic drugs","volume":"56","author":"Townson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18641.x","article-title":"A purified ferredoxin from Giardia duodenalis","volume":"220","author":"Townson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(96)02661-8","article-title":"Characterisation and purification of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Giardia duodenalis","volume":"79","author":"Townson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0835","article-title":"Targeted, LCMS-based metabolomics for quantitative measurement of NAD+ metabolites","volume":"4","author":"Trammell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3146","article-title":"Two amino acids mutation of ferric uptake regulator determines Helicobacter pylori resistance to metronidazole","volume":"14","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.150-164.2001","article-title":"Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa","volume":"14","author":"Upcroft","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90196-T","article-title":"Drug resistance in Giardia intestinalis","volume":"20","author":"Upcroft","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000063642","article-title":"A gene associated with cell division and drug resistance in Giardia duodenalis","volume":"104","author":"Upcroft","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1996.2.303","article-title":"Albendazole resistance in Giardia is correlated with cytoskeletal changes but not with a mutation at amino acid 200 in beta-tubulin","volume":"2","author":"Upcroft","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S25416","article-title":"Update on triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori: current status of the art","volume":"5","author":"Urgesi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0870","article-title":"The effect of metronidazole on the cell cycle and DNA in metronidazole-susceptible and -resistant Giardia cell lines","author":"Uzlikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.65","article-title":"Chronic gastrointestinal consequences of acute infectious diarrhea: evolving concepts in epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"107","author":"Verdu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2009.06.011","article-title":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","volume":"488","author":"Vicente","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)43395-9","article-title":"Oxygen tension of the vaginal surface during sexual stimulation in the human","volume":"30","author":"Wagner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.03.008","article-title":"The Cre\/loxP system in Giardia lamblia: genetic manipulations in a binucleate tetraploid protozoan","volume":"44","author":"Wampfler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009_bb0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2.6.529","article-title":"Efficacy of antigiardial drugs","volume":"2","author":"Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"}],"container-title":["Biotechnology Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0734975015000749?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0734975015000749?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T03:23:33Z","timestamp":1651807413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0734975015000749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"references-count":180,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0734975015000749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0734-9750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0734-9750","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Drug resistance in Giardia duodenalis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biotechnology Advances","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}