{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:49:29Z","timestamp":1791247769062,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]],"date-time":"2016-06-06T20:43:01Z","timestamp":1465245781000},"page":"93-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Honoring antiparasitics: The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Wei-June","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15836-4","article-title":"A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings","volume":"363","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib2","unstructured":"WHO. Achieving the malaria MDG target: reversing the incidence of malaria 2000\u20132015. Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization. pp. 1\u201332."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8510(02)00036-2","article-title":"The economic impact of malaria in Africa: a critical review of the evidence","volume":"63","author":"Chima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1086\/509325","article-title":"Recent updates on onchocerciasis: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"44","author":"Udall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.02.005","article-title":"Nematode infections: filariases","volume":"26","author":"Knopp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib6","first-page":"13","article-title":"Locomotor disability in bancroftian filarial lymphoedema patients","volume":"40","author":"Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1994.11443094","article-title":"Ronald Ross and the mystery of malaria","volume":"29","author":"Bendiner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hosp Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib8","series-title":"Interdisciplinary ontology. Proceedings of the third interdisciplinary ontology meeting (Tokyo, Japan, February 27\u201328, 2010)","first-page":"25","article-title":"Malaria diagnosis and the Plasmodium life cycle: the BFO perspective","author":"Ceusters","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20129","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319857110","article-title":"Malaria life cycle intensifies both natural selection and random genetic drift","volume":"110","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib10","first-page":"323","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of complicated malaria \u2013 an overview","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4513","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01138a014","article-title":"A new synthesis of chloroquine","volume":"74","author":"Johnson","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1086\/322858","article-title":"Chloroquine-resistant malaria","volume":"184","author":"Wellems","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib13","first-page":"743","article-title":"Ancient Chinese anti-fever cure becomes panacea for malaria","volume":"87","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02673.x","article-title":"Reflections on the \u2018discovery\u2019 of the antimalarial qinghao","volume":"61","author":"Hsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.024","article-title":"Artemisinin: discovery from the Chinese herbal garden","volume":"146","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1086\/591195","article-title":"The antiviral activities of artemisinin and artesunate","volume":"47","author":"Efferth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01064-06","article-title":"Mechanism of antimalarial action of the synthetic trioxolane RBX11160 (OZ277)","volume":"51","author":"Uhlemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.061499","article-title":"Digestive-vacuole genesis and endocytic processes in the early intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"123","author":"Abu Bakar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27910","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304193200","article-title":"The digestive food vacuole of the malaria parasite is a dynamic intracellular Ca2+ store","volume":"278","author":"Biagini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(96)02763-6","article-title":"Hemoglobin catabolism and iron utilization by malaria parasites","volume":"83","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.28.2.355","article-title":"The feeding mechanism of avian malarial parasites","volume":"28","author":"Aikawa","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.60.2.301-315.1996","article-title":"Artemisinin and the antimalarial endoperoxides: from herbal remedy to targeted chemotherapy","volume":"60","author":"Meshnick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19383","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.27.19383","article-title":"Artemisinin, an endoperoxide antimalarial, disrupts the hemoglobin catabolism and heme detoxification systems in malarial parasite","volume":"274","author":"Pandey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00609-07","article-title":"Artemisinin and a series of novel endoperoxide antimalarials exert early effects on digestive vacuole morphology","volume":"52","author":"del Pilar Crespo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.07.011","article-title":"Current perspectives on the mechanism of action of artemisinins","volume":"36","author":"Golenser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060297","article-title":"Mitochondria of mammalian Plasmodium spp","volume":"102","author":"Fry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3589(08)60952-7","article-title":"Antimalarial activity of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and related trioxanes: mechanism(s) of action","volume":"37","author":"Cumming","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39211.572905.80","article-title":"Intestinal nematode infection and anaemia in developing countries","volume":"334","author":"Awasthi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2006.00495.x","article-title":"Human gastrointestinal nematode infections: are new control methods required?","volume":"87","author":"Stepek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib30","first-page":"555","article-title":"A review of progress in the chemotherapy and control of filariasis since 1955","volume":"27","author":"Hawking","year":"1962","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(95)80128-6","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis infection and disease: control strategies","volume":"11","author":"Ottesen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib32","series-title":"Medical microbiology","article-title":"Filarial nematodes","author":"Cross","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.81692","article-title":"River blindness: an old disease on the brink of elimination and control","volume":"3","author":"Winthrop","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2005.11.008","article-title":"Onchocerciasis\u2013river blindness","volume":"24","author":"Enk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib35","first-page":"699","article-title":"Onchocerciasis and other eye problems in developing countries: a challenge for optometrists","volume":"64","author":"Berger","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989958140","article-title":"Treatment of the microfilaraemia of asymptomatic brugian filariasis with single doses of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine or albendazole, in various combinations","volume":"93","author":"Shenoy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib37","first-page":"1304","article-title":"Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis. II. effect of piperazine derivatives against naturally acquired filarial infections in cotton rats and dogs","volume":"32","author":"Hewitt","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.06.022","article-title":"Setaria equina: in\u00a0vivo effect of diethylcarbamazine citrate on microfilariae in albino rats","volume":"126","author":"El-Shahawi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003214","article-title":"The effects of diethylcarbamazine on the ultrastructure of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti","volume":"126","author":"Flor\u00eancio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1992.11812684","article-title":"Diethylcarbamazine treatment of bancroftian and malayan filariasis with emphasis on side effects","volume":"86","author":"Fan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1048","article-title":"The life and times of ivermectin \u2013 a success story","volume":"2","author":"\u00d5mura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.87.13","article-title":"Ivermectin, \u2018Wonder drug\u2019 from Japan: the human use perspective","volume":"87","author":"Crump","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2012.08.014","article-title":"Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces","volume":"16","author":"Proc\u00f3pio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.15.3.361","article-title":"Avermectins, new family of potent anthelmintic agents: producing organism and fermentation","volume":"15","author":"Burg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/med.2610130103","article-title":"Ivermectin, an antiparasitic agent","volume":"13","author":"Campbell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003534","article-title":"Repurposing auranofin as a lead candidate for treatment of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"9","author":"Bulman","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-015-0150-8","article-title":"Ivermectin: a review in Rosacea","volume":"6","author":"Deeks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001601","article-title":"Actions of the anthelmintic ivermectin on the pharyngeal muscle of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum","volume":"115","author":"Brownlee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"Suppl Sl","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib49","first-page":"S85","article-title":"Glutamate-gated chloride channels and the mode of action of the avermectin\/milbemycin anthelmintics","volume":"131","author":"Wolstenholme","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.06.009","article-title":"Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs): best hope for malaria treatment but inaccessible to the needy!","volume":"95","author":"Mutabingwa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002_bib51","first-page":"CD000527","article-title":"Artemisinin derivatives for treating severe malaria","volume":"2","author":"McIntosh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2319417016300634?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2319417016300634?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:15:29Z","timestamp":1656634529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2319417016300634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S2319417016300634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2319-4170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2319-4170","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Honoring antiparasitics: The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2016.04.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Chang Gung University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}