{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T05:00:13Z","timestamp":1773205213235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CORPG3F0791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG3F0791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CLRPG3D0044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLRPG3D0044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T20:39:12Z","timestamp":1547152752000},"page":"348-355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association of diabetic ketoacidosis, severe hypoglycemia and glycemic control among children and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated with premixed versus basal-bolus insulin therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Wei-Yu","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan-Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3280-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai Kin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szu-Tah","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1111","article-title":"A type 1 diabetes genetic risk score can aid discrimination between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young adults","volume":"39","author":"Oram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0129","article-title":"Hospital admission for diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia in 31,330 young patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"173","author":"Karges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"S20","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12184","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Danne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2249","article-title":"Long-acting insulin analogs and the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a prospective study of 10,682 patients from 271 institutions","volume":"33","author":"Karges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.9.1591","article-title":"Recent trends in hospitalization for diabetic ketoacidosis in ontario children","volume":"25","author":"Curtis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.81.4.318","article-title":"Causes of death in children with insulin dependent diabetes 1990-96","volume":"81","author":"Edge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90645-2","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"345","author":"Lebovitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib8","first-page":"14","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin glargine-insulin glulisine basal-bolus and twice-daily premixed analog insulin in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients during three standardized meals","volume":"3","author":"Lamos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Trans Endocrinol"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S008","article-title":"8. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018","volume":"41","author":"American Diabetes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib10","series-title":"Children's H. National Institute for Health and Care excellence: clinical guidelines. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Ws","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2480","article-title":"Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the american diabetes association and the endocrine society","volume":"36","author":"Seaquist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-2671(09)33180-9","article-title":"The use of premixed 30\/70 insulin in high risk youth with type 1 diabetes: a quality audit","volume":"33","author":"Van Walleghem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.19.2511","article-title":"Predictors of acute complications in children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"287","author":"Rewers","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0780","article-title":"Rates of diabetic ketoacidosis: international comparison with 49,859 pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes from England, Wales, the U.S., Austria, and Germany","volume":"38","author":"Maahs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401","article-title":"The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"329","author":"Nathan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib16","first-page":"369","article-title":"Premixed insulin preparations and glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"92","author":"Kinsley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12062","article-title":"Changes in insulin therapy regimens over 10 yr in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes attending diabetes camps","volume":"15","author":"Redon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2143\/ACB.68.1.2062716","article-title":"Switching from premixed insulin to basal-bolus insulin glargine plus rapid-acting insulin: the ATLANTIC Study","volume":"68","author":"Mathieu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-8-9","article-title":"Switching from premixed insulin to glargine-based insulin regimen improves glycaemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: a retrospective primary-care-based analysis","volume":"8","author":"Sharplin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1763","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of basal-bolus versus premix analog insulin on glycemic variability and patient-centered outcomes during insulin intensification in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial","volume":"97","author":"Testa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.155403","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Raghupathy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00441.x","article-title":"A 2-yr national population study of pediatric ketoacidosis in Sweden: predisposing conditions and insulin pump use","volume":"10","author":"Hanas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1140","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association","volume":"37","author":"Chiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.3.e221","article-title":"Missed insulin meal boluses and elevated hemoglobin A1c levels in children receiving insulin pump therapy","volume":"113","author":"Burdick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)06234-X","article-title":"Adherence to insulin treatment, glycaemic control, and ketoacidosis in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The DARTS\/MEMO Collaboration. Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland. Medicines Monitoring Unit","volume":"350","author":"Morris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yapd.2010.09.001","article-title":"Current controversies in treatment and prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"57","author":"Rewers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1991.tb03952.x","article-title":"Preventive effects of octreotide (SMS 201-995) on diabetic ketogenesis during insulin withdrawal","volume":"32","author":"Diem","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2011.0299","article-title":"A comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin aspart, biphasic insulin aspart 70, biphasic insulin aspart 50, and human insulin: a randomized, quadruple crossover study","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"issue":"S6","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.03.022","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages of insulin analogues and premixed insulin analogues over human insulins: impact on efficacy and safety","volume":"121","author":"Rolla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2008.0019","article-title":"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of different formulations of biphasic insulin aspart: a randomized, glucose clamp, crossover study","volume":"10","author":"Heise","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.5.800","article-title":"Time-action profiles of novel premixed preparations of insulin lispro and NPL insulin","volume":"21","author":"Heise","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S012","article-title":"12. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018","volume":"41","author":"American Diabetes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12190","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Rewers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-003-0102-2","article-title":"Beneficial effects of flexible insulin therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"40","author":"Alemzadeh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005_bib35","first-page":"485","article-title":"Intensive insulin treatment versus conventional regimen for adolescents with type 1 diabetes, benefits and risks","volume":"24","author":"Al-Fifi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2319417018301847?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2319417018301847?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T22:42:00Z","timestamp":1565217720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2319417018301847"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2319417018301847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2319-4170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2319-4170","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association of diabetic ketoacidosis, severe hypoglycemia and glycemic control among children and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated with premixed versus basal-bolus insulin therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2018.10.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Chang Gung University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}