{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:42:07Z","timestamp":1791859327406,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T21:40:26Z","timestamp":1604958026000},"page":"43-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Lopinavir\/ritonavir: Repurposing an old drug for HIV infection in COVID-19 treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Magro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3902-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Pescarolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1452-9100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Quiros-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib1","series-title":"Pneumonia of unknown cause - China. Disease outbreak news","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib3","series-title":"Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Technical guidance","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14040","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506735102","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats","volume":"102","author":"Lau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib5","first-page":"015002","article-title":"Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans","volume":"11","author":"van Boheemen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","article-title":"The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib9","series-title":"Cumulative number of reported probable cases of SARS","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib10","series-title":"MERS situation update","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib11","series-title":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) dashboard update 8th september","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.023","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: a focused review for clinicians","volume":"26","author":"Cevik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.041","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561320920762","article-title":"Clinical presentation of COVID-19: a systematic review focusing on upper airway symptoms","volume":"99","author":"Lovato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-020-01390-7","article-title":"Predictive symptoms and co-morbidities for severe COVID-19 and intensive care unit admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108509","article-title":"Early predictors of clinical outcomes of COVID-19 outbreak in Milan, Italy","volume":"217","author":"Ciceri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26035","article-title":"Increase in COVID-19 cases and case-fatality and case-recovery rates in Europe: a cross-temporal meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Karadag","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.25259\/IJMS_36_2020","article-title":"The effect of COVID-19 on global population and its fatality rate: retrospective study by online database","volume":"72","author":"Palem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.02.92","article-title":"Comprehensive update on current outbreak of novel coronavirus infection (2019-nCoV)","volume":"8","author":"Sahu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of covid-19 \u2014 preliminary report","volume":"383","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib22","article-title":"Effect of dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: preliminary report","author":"Horby","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S3285","article-title":"Lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of HIV-1 infection: a review","volume":"4","author":"Chandwani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.07.030","article-title":"Molecular dynamic simulations analysis of ritonavir and lopinavir as SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitors","volume":"254","author":"Nukoolkarn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658","article-title":"Role of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings","volume":"59","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib27","first-page":"399","article-title":"Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir\/ritonavir: a multicentre retrospective matched cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv392","article-title":"Treatment with lopinavir\/ritonavir or interferon-\u03b21b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset","volume":"212","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2020.40","article-title":"Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment","volume":"44","author":"Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud P\u00fablic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01114-20","article-title":"Antiviral efficacies of FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1909","article-title":"Prioritization of anti-SARS-Cov-2 drug repurposing opportunities based on plasma and target site concentrations derived from their established human pharmacokinetics","volume":"108","author":"Arshad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786","article-title":"Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in\u00a0vitro","volume":"178","author":"Choy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104898","article-title":"Does lopinavir really inhibit SARS-CoV-2?","volume":"158","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2020.157","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro activity of lopinavir\/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at concentrations achievable by usual doses","volume":"35","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.085","article-title":"Lack of antiviral activity of darunavir against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"97","author":"De Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1763201","article-title":"An investigation into the identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease using molecular docking study","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib37","article-title":"Computational studies of drug repurposing and synergism of lopinavir, oseltamivir and ritonavir binding with SARS-CoV-2 protease against COVID-19","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.0c00160","article-title":"Why are lopinavir and ritonavir effective against the newly emerged coronavirus 2019? Atomistic insights into the inhibitory mechanisms","volume":"59","author":"Nutho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib39","article-title":"Peptide-like and small-molecule inhibitors against Covid-19","author":"Pant","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib40","first-page":"100345","article-title":"Molecular docking and dynamic simulations for antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2: a computational study","volume":"19","author":"Peele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Informatics Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117652","article-title":"In silico studies on therapeutic agents for COVID-19: drug repurposing approach","volume":"252","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.18311\/ajprhc\/2020\/25080","article-title":"An In silico approach for identification of inhibitors as a potential therapeutics targeting SARS-Cov-2 protease","volume":"12","author":"Mamidala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Pharmaceut Res Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib43","article-title":"Identification of potential natural inhibitors of SARS-CoV2 main protease by molecular docking and simulation studies","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.03.025","article-title":"Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through a drug-target interaction deep learning model","volume":"18","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib45","first-page":"400-409","article-title":"Unrevealing sequence and structural features of novel coronavirus using in silico approaches: the main protease as molecular target","volume":"19","author":"Ortega","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22457.2","article-title":"Prediction of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) 3C-like protease (3CL pro) structure: virtual screening reveals velpatasvir, ledipasvir, and other drug repurposing candidates","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1769731","article-title":"Virtual screening of approved clinic drugs with main protease (3CLpro) reveals potential inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Potential anti-viral activity of approved repurposed drug against main protease of SARS-CoV-2: an in silico based approach","author":"Mahanta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 via integrated computational approach","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2020.04.001","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lopinavir\/ritonavir or arbidol in adult patients with mild\/moderate COVID-19: an exploratory randomized controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4","article-title":"Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial","volume":"395","author":"Hung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A Trial of Lopinavir\u2013Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.03.007","article-title":"Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: an open-label control study","volume":"6","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib54","series-title":"\u201cSolidarity\u201d clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib55","series-title":"Trial of treatments for COVID-19 in Hospitalized Adults (DisCoVeRy)","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib56","series-title":"\"Solidarity\" clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covid-19: Lopinavir-ritonavir does not benefit hospitalised patients, UK trial finds. BMJ 2020;370:m2650.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2650"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.002","article-title":"Arbidol combined with LPV\/r versus LPV\/r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"81","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.04.20","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 60 discharged cases of 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Taizhou, China","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00678-4","article-title":"Lack of viral clearance by the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin or lopinavir and ritonavir in SARS-CoV-2-related acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Hraiech","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000799","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00799-2020","article-title":"Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding and impact of Lopinavir\/Ritonavir treatment in hospitalised non- critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"56","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib62","first-page":"3390","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of lopinavir\/Ritonavir in the treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa119","article-title":"Clinical outcomes in 55 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 who were asymptomatic at hospital admission in shenzhen, China","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01342-0","article-title":"The correlation between viral clearance and biochemical outcomes of 94 COVID-19 infected discharged patients","volume":"69","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib65","first-page":"5788","article-title":"Viral kinetics and factors associated with rapid viral clearance during lopinavir\/ritonavir-based combination therapy in non-severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"24","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26141","article-title":"A comparative study on the time to achieve negative nucleic acid testing and hospital stays between danoprevir and lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of patients with COVID-19","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26127","article-title":"Lopinavir\/ritonavir and interferon combination therapy may help shorten the duration of viral shedding in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study in two designated hospitals in Anhui, China","volume":"92","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.03.032","article-title":"Lopinavir\/Ritonavir did not shorten the duration of SARS CoV-2 shedding in patients with mild pneumonia in Taiwan","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.013","article-title":"Patients of COVID-19 may benefit from sustained Lopinavir-combined regimen and the increase of Eosinophil may predict the outcome of COVID-19 progression","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1758066","article-title":"Quadruple therapy for asymptomatic COVID-19 infection patients","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e79","article-title":"Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of COVID-19 infection in Korea: the application of lopinavir\/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 infected pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR","volume":"35","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.039","article-title":"Early administration of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir could prevent severe COVID-19","volume":"82","author":"Klement-Frutos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib73","series-title":"Kaletra EPAR: product information","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104872","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of current therapeutic options for COVID-19 - lessons to be learnt from SARS and MERS epidemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E734","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200647","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 from evidence in studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"192","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1086\/341975","article-title":"Serious bradyarrhythmia that was possibly induced by lopinavir-ritonavir in 2 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000183942.05849.1b","article-title":"Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome induced by lopinavir-ritonavir in a patient with AIDS","volume":"19","author":"Yotsumoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.008798","article-title":"Lopinavir-ritonavir treatment for COVID-19 infection in intensive care unit: risk of bradycardia","volume":"13","author":"Beyls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.07.035","article-title":"Acute kidney injury associated with lopinavir\/ritonavir combined therapy in patients with Covid-19","volume":"5","author":"Binois","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0327-4","article-title":"COVID-19: towards understanding of pathogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2319417020302031?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2319417020302031?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T09:07:29Z","timestamp":1762420049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2319417020302031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2319417020302031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2319-4170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2319-4170","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lopinavir\/ritonavir: Repurposing an old drug for HIV infection in COVID-19 treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2020.11.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Chang Gung University. Publishing services provided by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}