{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:42:35Z","timestamp":1788306155829,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T02:49:31Z","timestamp":1610938171000},"page":"245-251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["COVID-19 and gastrointestinal system: A brief review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Akhil","family":"Pola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karnam S.","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3338-375X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasanna K.","family":"Santhekadur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45472","article-title":"Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses","volume":"16","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.030852","article-title":"Epidemiologic clues to SARS origin in China","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x","article-title":"SARS: epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Chan-Yeung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680309600803","article-title":"The SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: what lessons have we learned?","volume":"96","author":"Hung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00295-5","article-title":"Coronavirus: update related to the current outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Gabutti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500","article-title":"Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the seattle region - case series","volume":"382","author":"Bhatraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020244","article-title":"Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib10","first-page":"20427","article-title":"Evidence of person-to-person transmission within a family cluster of novel coronavirus infections, United Kingdom, February 2013","volume":"18","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200718","article-title":"Asymptomatic and human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a 2-family cluster, xuzhou, China","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4814-7_4","article-title":"Transmission cycle of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.15698\/cst2020.04.216","article-title":"Coronavirus infections: epidemiological, clinical, and immunological features and hypotheses","volume":"4","author":"Raoult","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301","article-title":"Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60286-9","article-title":"The molecular biology of coronaviruses","volume":"48","author":"Lai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01394-09","article-title":"Recombination, reservoirs, and the modular spike: mechanisms of coronavirus cross-species transmission","volume":"84","author":"Graham","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(03)00865-9","article-title":"Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage","volume":"331","author":"Snijder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19424-0","article-title":"Mechanisms and enzymes involved in SARS coronavirus genome expression","volume":"84","author":"Thiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5471","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"251","author":"Bourgonje","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11727","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003138117","article-title":"Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"117","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.02.003","article-title":"Furin cleavage of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein enhances cell-cell fusion but does not affect virion entry","volume":"350","author":"Follis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1084","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00217.2020","article-title":"COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences","volume":"318","author":"South","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.020","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an overview of viral structure and host response","volume":"14","author":"Astuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17070797","article-title":"Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system beyond blood pressure regulation: molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in end-organ damage during arterial hypertension","volume":"17","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Durango","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702150","article-title":"Dual pathway for angiotensin II formation in human internal mammary arteries","volume":"125","author":"Voors","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201000080","article-title":"Angiotensin II revisited: new roles in inflammation, immunology, and aging","volume":"2","author":"Benigni","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.03.026","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and antihypertensives (angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"95","author":"Sanchis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2162","article-title":"The emerging role of ACE2 in physiology and disease","volume":"212","author":"Hamming","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr600","article-title":"High-salt diet increases glomerular ACE\/ACE2 ratio leading to oxidative stress and kidney damage","volume":"27","author":"Bernardi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R781","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00183.2008","article-title":"ACE2 is expressed in mouse adipocytes and regulated by a high-fat diet","volume":"295","author":"Gupte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2787","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112787","article-title":"High fructose intake and adipogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Di\u00e1zcouder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2007.041855","article-title":"Differential regulation of renal angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 during ACE inhibition and dietary sodium restriction in healthy rats","volume":"93","author":"Hamming","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.09.045","article-title":"SARS-CoV replicates in primary human alveolar type II cell cultures but not in type I-like cells","volume":"372","author":"Mossel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12711","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor","volume":"503","author":"Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib37","article-title":"Gastrointestinal infection could Be new focus for coronavirus diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Cipriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib39","first-page":"1467","volume":"160","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"The gastrointestinal tract is an alternative route for SARS-CoV-2 infection in a nonhuman primate model. Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-019-0233-y","article-title":"Structural basis for human coronavirus attachment to sialic acid receptors","volume":"26","author":"Tortorici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22593","article-title":"Potential pathogenesis of ageusia and anosmia in COVID-19 patients","volume":"10","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.4161\/chan.5.5.16470","article-title":"Collectrin and ACE2 in renal and intestinal amino acid transport","volume":"5","author":"Singer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Channels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17132","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M006723200","article-title":"Collectrin, a collecting duct-specific transmembrane glycoprotein, is a novel homolog of ACE2 and is developmentally regulated in embryonic kidneys","volume":"276","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11228","article-title":"ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation","volume":"487","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12402","article-title":"Low serum tryptophan predicts higher mortality in cardiovascular disease","volume":"45","author":"Murr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.026","article-title":"COVID-19, SARS, and MERS: are they closely related?","volume":"26","author":"Petrosillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15731","article-title":"Review article: gastrointestinal features in COVID-19 and the possibility of faecal transmission","volume":"51","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25825","article-title":"The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the faeces of COVID-19 patients","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.055","article-title":"Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"158","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2020.02.009","article-title":"Tong-fu-li-fei decoction exerts a protective effect on intestinal barrier of sepsis in rats through upregulating ZO-1\/occludin\/claudin-1 expression","volume":"143","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv056","article-title":"Changes in epithelial barrier function in response to parasitic infection: implications for IBD pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez Blanco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Crohn\u2019s Colitis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630016196","article-title":"Linking gut microbiota with the human diseases","volume":"16","author":"Vandana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315743","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived cells restore functional integrity of the gut epithelial and vascular barriers in a model of diabetes and ACE2 deficiency","volume":"125","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0074-x","article-title":"High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.8839","article-title":"An increased circulating angiotensin II concentration is associated with hypoadiponectinemia and postprandial hyperglycaemia in men with Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"52","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.03.018","article-title":"Angiotensin II-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is mediated by oxidative stress in transgenic TG (mRen2)27(Ren2) rats","volume":"49","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23104","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 inhibits liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"50","author":"Osterreicher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21592","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21592","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2\/angiotensin-(1\u20137)\/Mas axis activates Akt signalling to ameliorate hepatic steatosis","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14435","article-title":"Liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.002","article-title":"Clinical features of COVID-19 related liver damage","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30057-1","article-title":"Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.03.055","article-title":"Pancreatic injury patterns in patients with coronavirus disease 19 pneumonia","volume":"159","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.040","article-title":"ACE2 expression in pancreas may cause pancreatic damage after SARS-CoV-2","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11645","article-title":"Covid-19-related pancreatic injury","volume":"107","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01861.x","article-title":"Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-009-0109-4","article-title":"Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E874","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00490.2012","article-title":"Pancreatic angiotensin converting enzyme 2 improves glycemia in angiotensin II-infused mice","volume":"304","author":"Chhabra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2319417021000019?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2319417021000019?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T09:09:32Z","timestamp":1762420172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2319417021000019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2319417021000019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2319-4170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2319-4170","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"COVID-19 and gastrointestinal system: A brief review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Chang Gung University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}