{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T21:33:24Z","timestamp":1784064804803,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T02:19:17Z","timestamp":1693880357000},"page":"100658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Patellar malalignment: A common disorder associated with knee pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Chi-Chuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib1","series-title":"Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system","first-page":"180","article-title":"Biomechanics of the knee","author":"Frankel","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06301-4","article-title":"Effects of age-related changes in trunk and lower limb range of motion on gait","volume":"24","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskel Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib3","first-page":"820","article-title":"Biomechanics and pathomechanics of the patellofemoral joint","volume":"11","author":"Loudon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib4","article-title":"Comparison of various modalities in the treatment of early knee osteoarthritis: an unsolved controversy","volume":"15","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-020-03636-0","article-title":"Assessment of validity and reliability of femoral shaft-patellar tendon angle measured on MRI","volume":"50","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3150-y","article-title":"Anterior knee pain: an update of physical therapy","volume":"22","author":"Werner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.03.016","article-title":"Does isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis matter?","volume":"17","author":"Duncan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.05.015","article-title":"Altered frontal and transverse plane tibiofemoral kinematics and patellofemoral malalignments during downhill gait in patients with mixed knee osteoarthritis","volume":"48","author":"Farrokhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.4.180016","article-title":"Plaster, splint, brace, tape or functional mobilization after first-time patellar dislocation: what\u2019s the evidence?","volume":"4","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Effort Open Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib10","first-page":"290","article-title":"Patella alta: a comprehensive review of current knowledge","volume":"46","author":"Biedert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Orthoped"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02519-x","article-title":"Fracture of the inferior pole of the patella: tension band wiring versus transosseous reattachment","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-018-3003-0","article-title":"The epicondylar ratio can be reliably used on X-ray of the knee to determine the joint line","volume":"138","author":"Lutz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3944\/AOTT.2014.3113","article-title":"Normal hip, knee and ankle range of motion in the Turkish population","volume":"48","author":"Hallaceli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1353988","article-title":"Displaced patella fractures","volume":"26","author":"Della Rocca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Knee Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2022.01.004","article-title":"Pain severity during functional activities in individuals with patellofemoral pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Glaviano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4717","article-title":"Activating EGFR signaling attenuates osteoarthritis development following loading injury in mice","volume":"37","author":"Gui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12708","article-title":"Imaging approaches for accurate determination of the quadriceps angle","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2022.12.015","article-title":"The effect of quadriceps anatomical factors on patellar stability: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Abelleyra Lastoria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20040201-12","article-title":"The influence of iliotibial tract on patellar tracking","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02251-6","article-title":"Dose atrophy of vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis exist in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-06163-6","article-title":"Dynamic Q-angle is increased in patients with chronic patellofemoral instability and correlates positively with femoral torsion","volume":"29","author":"Imhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221141484","article-title":"Correlation of tibial torsion with lower limb alignment and femoral anteversion in patients with patellar instability","volume":"10","author":"Qiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519886853","article-title":"Patellofemoral cartilage restoration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes","volume":"48","author":"Hinckel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105216","article-title":"Patellofemoral instability in trochleodysplastic knee joints and the quantitative influence of simulated trochleoplasty \u2013 a finite element simulation","volume":"81","author":"Kaiser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231158099","article-title":"Redefining trochlear dysplasia: normal thresholds vary by measurement technique, landmarks, and sex","volume":"51","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib26","series-title":"ESSKA instructional course lecture book","first-page":"27","article-title":"Recent advances in cartilage repair","author":"Peretti","year":"2016"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1431","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-22-00254","article-title":"Patellofemoral instability part 1: evaluation and nonsurgical treatment","volume":"30","author":"Pauyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199003000-00028","article-title":"Roentgenographic and clinical findings of patellofemoral osteoarthrosis. With special reference to its relationship to femorotibial osteoarthrosis and etiologic factors","volume":"252","author":"Iwano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2010.01.005","article-title":"Combined lateral retinacular release with drilling chondroplasty for treatment of patellofemoral osteoarthritis associated with patellar malalignment in elderly patients","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02229-4","article-title":"Outcome and experience of arthroscopic lateral retinacular release combined with lateral patelloplasty in the management of excessive lateral pressure syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2020-0022","article-title":"The relationship between patient expectations and functional outcomes in patients undergoing cartilage repair of the knee: a mixed methods study","volume":"30","author":"Toonstra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211010487","article-title":"Arthroscopic matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation versus microfracture: a 6-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial","volume":"49","author":"Ibarra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib33","first-page":"867","article-title":"Current concepts in the treatment of gross patellofemoral instability","volume":"11","author":"Buchanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.15.00102","article-title":"An algorithm for diagnosing and treating primary and recurrent patellar instability","volume":"4","author":"Duerr","year":"2016","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2014.12.011","article-title":"Patellofemoral pain: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment options","volume":"34","author":"Rothermich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2759-6","article-title":"Patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1981.2.3.108","article-title":"Patellofemoral pain syndrome: a comprehensive and conservative approach","volume":"2","author":"Malek","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4216-9","article-title":"Characterization of patellar maltracking using dynamic kinematic CT imaging in patients with patellar instability","volume":"24","author":"Tanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2021.07.001","article-title":"Evaluating patellofemoral patients: physical examination, radiographic imaging, and measurements","volume":"41","author":"Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5792\/ksrr.2014.26.1.20","article-title":"Discrepancies of patellofemoral indices between supine and standing Merchant views","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee Surg Relat Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.09.002","article-title":"Q-angle static or dynamic measurements, which is the best choice for patellofemoral pain?","volume":"30","author":"de Oliveira Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib42","series-title":"EBBKA instructional course lecture book","first-page":"153","article-title":"Patellofemoral joint instability: where are we in 2018","author":"Kader","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aott.2019.04.011","article-title":"Varied influence of femoral or tibial component on quadriceps angles: verified by imaging studies","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turcica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/ort.1964.35.suppl-68.01","article-title":"Shape of the intercondylar groove normally and in recurrent dislocation of patella. A clinical and X-ray-anatomical investigation","volume":"68","author":"Brattstr\u00f6m","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198264010-00023","article-title":"Current concepts review: patellar pain","volume":"64","author":"Insall","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098890","article-title":"Risk factors for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Neal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2021.07.002","article-title":"Patella alta: when to correct and impact on other anatomic risk factors for patellofemoral instability","volume":"41","author":"Biedert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2014.03.009","article-title":"Rehabilitation of the patellofemoral joint","volume":"33","author":"Hrubes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0000000000000149","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of patellar instability","volume":"25","author":"Dixit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120962802","article-title":"Association between hip rotation and activity of the quadriceps and gluteus maximum in male runners","volume":"8","author":"Mohammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E10094","article-title":"Electromyography activity of vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis muscles during lower limb proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation patterns in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Lotfi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Ther Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12929","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912929","article-title":"Quadriceps electromyographic activity in closed and open kinetic-chain exercises with hip-adductor co-contraction in sedentary women","volume":"19","author":"Thongduang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-008-0648-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of goosestep training or its modification on treating patellar malalignment syndrome: clinical, radiographic, and electromyographic studies","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.04.005","article-title":"Patellar malalignment treated with modified knee extension training: an electromyography study","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib55","first-page":"20","article-title":"Modified knee extension training for treatment of patellar malalignment","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Formosan Journal of Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3390\/app9040718","article-title":"Evaluate the medial muscle strength by kick training between the standing and sitting postures","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2012.07.001","article-title":"Using ultrasound to measure the fibre angle of vastus medialis oblique: a cadaveric validation study","volume":"21","author":"Engelina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510364840","article-title":"Immediate effect and predictors of effectiveness of taping for patellofemoral pain syndrome: a prospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Lan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-016-2464-2","article-title":"Evaluating the potential synergistic benefit of a realignment brace on patients receiving exercise therapy for patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"136","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib60","series-title":"Patellofemoral pain, instability, and arthritis: clinical presentation, imaging, and treatment","author":"Dejour","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.O.00354","article-title":"An algorithmic approach to the management of recurrent lateral patellar dislocation","volume":"98","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-018-3123-1","article-title":"Surgical management of patellofemoral instability. 1. Imaging considerations","volume":"48","author":"Purohit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.22.00756","article-title":"Lateral patellar instability","volume":"105","author":"Drapeau-Zgoralski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib64","first-page":"107","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus autograft for recurrent patellar dislocation","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Formosan J Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221138854","article-title":"Predictor of graft failure after primary patellofemoral ligament reconstruction","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06249-5","article-title":"A clinical, radiological and isokinetic evaluation in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation undergoing MPFL reconstruction according to Avikainen: a prospective study evaluating early degenerative changes after a minimum 10-year follow-up period","volume":"24","author":"Malecki","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib67","article-title":"Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using a digital tensiometer to determine graft tension: surgical technique and mid-term follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg(Hong Kong)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2023.01.098","article-title":"Complication rates after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction range from 0% to 32% with 0% to 11% recurrent instability: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221147572","article-title":"When should bony correction be considered in addition to medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction? Results of a clinically derived 2-group classification of lateral patellar instability based on 122 patients at 2- to 5-year follow-up","volume":"11","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967121999642","article-title":"Surgical management of patella alta in patellofemoral instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211012371","article-title":"Radiographic and clinical outcomes after tibial tubercle osteotomy for the treatment of patella alta: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Knapik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-006-0106-9","article-title":"Salvage of proximal tibial malunion or nonunion with the use of angled blade plate","volume":"126","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2012.10.011","article-title":"A novel approach for evaluating acceptable intra-operative correction of lower limb alignment in femoral and tibial malunion using the deviation angle of the normal contralateral knee","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib74","first-page":"204","article-title":"High tibial osteotomy: a systematic review and current concept","volume":"4","author":"Sabzevari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Bone Jt Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-05970-1","article-title":"Linear influence of distal femur osteotomy on the Q-angle: one degree of varization alters the Q-angle by one degree","volume":"29","author":"Flury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1417-4","article-title":"The outcomes of the modified Fulkerson osteotomy procedure to treat habitual patellar dislocation associated with high-grade trochlear dysplasia","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2021.07.008","article-title":"Coronal malalignment- when and how to perform a tibial tubercle osteotomy","volume":"41","author":"Gardner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3201-4","article-title":"Medial retinacular flap advancement and arthroscopic lateral release for symptomatic chronic patellar lateral subluxation with tilting","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02509-z","article-title":"The short-term effectiveness and safety of second-generation patellofemoral arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty on isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib80","article-title":"Long-term clinical results of patellofemoral arthroplasty for isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hong Kong J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2014.03.010","article-title":"Anterior knee pain in the athlete","volume":"33","author":"Hiemstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2319417023000951?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2319417023000951?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T09:14:15Z","timestamp":1762420455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2319417023000951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2319417023000951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658","relation":{},"ISSN":["2319-4170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2319-4170","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Patellar malalignment: A common disorder associated with knee pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chang Gung University.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100658"}}