{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T14:56:05Z","timestamp":1792421765858,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009707","name":"Electrochemical Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08DA042314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08DA042314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T09:13:19Z","timestamp":1563959599000},"page":"269-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":293,"title":["Anaesthetic care of patients undergoing primary hip and knee arthroplasty: consensus recommendations from the International Consensus on Anaesthesia-Related Outcomes after Surgery group (ICAROS) based on a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Stavros G.","family":"Memtsoudis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crispiana","family":"Cozowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janis","family":"Bekeris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dace","family":"Bekere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen M.","family":"Soffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward R.","family":"Mariano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary J.","family":"Hargett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Wendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Brouillette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lila","family":"Baaklini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Wetmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genewoo","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Jivanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eriphyli","family":"Argyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Barrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Borgeat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"De Andres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil M.","family":"Elkassabany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe E.","family":"Gautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gonzalez Della Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Goytizolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra L.","family":"Kopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Lavand\u2019Homme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine H.","family":"MacLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos B.","family":"Mantilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"MacIsaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"McLawhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Parvizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Pichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jashvant","family":"Poeran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lazaros A.","family":"Poultsides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Sites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Stundner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene R.","family":"Viscusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effrossyni G.","family":"Votta-Velis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques T.","family":"Ya Deau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel E.","family":"Sharrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.04.009","article-title":"Utilization rates of hip arthroplasty in OECD countries","volume":"22","author":"Pabinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200704000-00012","article-title":"Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030","volume":"89","author":"Kurtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200405000-00012","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in total hip and total knee arthroplasty. A qualitative and systematic review of the literature","volume":"86","author":"Ethgen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib4","first-page":"E72","article-title":"Demographics, outcomes, and risk factors for adverse events associated with primary and revision total hip arthroplasties in the United States","volume":"39","author":"Memtsoudis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318286061d","article-title":"Perioperative comparative effectiveness of anesthetic technique in orthopedic patients","volume":"118","author":"Memtsoudis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01682","article-title":"Differences in short-term complications between spinal and general anesthesia for primary total knee arthroplasty","volume":"95","author":"Pugely","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000237267.75543.59","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of neuraxial block versus general anesthesia for elective total hip replacement: a meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Mauermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev455","article-title":"Neuraxial vs general anaesthesia for total hip and total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review of comparative-effectiveness research","volume":"116","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib9","series-title":"Quality-based procedures: clinical handbook for primary hip and knee replacement","author":"Health Quality Ontario & Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002299","article-title":"Do hospitals performing frequent neuraxial anesthesia for hip and knee replacements have better outcomes?","volume":"129","author":"Memtsoudis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001004","article-title":"Anesthetic care for orthopedic patients: is there a potential for differences in care?","volume":"124","author":"Memtsoudis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000055","article-title":"Does the impact of the type of anesthesia on outcomes differ by patient age and comorbidity burden?","volume":"39","author":"Memtsoudis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev381","article-title":"Epidemiology, trends, and disparities in regional anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgery","volume":"115","author":"Cozowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence","volume":"64","author":"Balshem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib17","unstructured":"Covidence systematic review software, Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia. Available at www.covidence.org (please see https:\/\/support.covidence.org\/help\/how-can-i-cite-covidence)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014study limitations (risk of bias)","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.11.017","article-title":"A\u00a0guide for health professionals to interpret and use recommendations in guidelines developed with the GRADE approach","volume":"72","author":"Neumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction\u2014GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.06.004","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib23","series-title":"GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool [software]","author":"McMaster University","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7182.527","article-title":"Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines","volume":"318","author":"Woolf","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e328326f7d0","article-title":"No adjustment vs. adjustment formula as input weight for propofol target-controlled infusion in morbidly obese patients","volume":"26","author":"La Colla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7001.376","article-title":"Consensus methods for medical and health services research","volume":"311","author":"Jones","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2015.08.031","article-title":"Practice variations in anesthetic care and its effect on clinical outcomes for primary total hip arthroplasties","volume":"31","author":"Gabriel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00612","article-title":"Effects of regional versus general anesthesia on outcomes after total hip arthroplasty: a retrospective propensity-matched cohort study","volume":"97","author":"Helwani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2012.06.040","article-title":"Risk factors for early mortality following modern total hip arthroplasty","volume":"28","author":"Aynardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19970201-06","article-title":"Comparison of general and epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing primary unilateral THR","volume":"20","author":"Brinker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-015-0316-0","article-title":"Neuraxial anesthesia improves long-term survival after total joint replacement: a retrospective nationwide population-based study in Taiwan","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12456","article-title":"Total intravenous general anaesthesia vs. spinal anaesthesia for total hip arthroplasty: a randomised, controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Harsten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2015.01.058","article-title":"Does neuraxial anesthesia decrease transfusion rates following total hip arthroplasty?","volume":"30","author":"Haughom","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1980.tb01549.x","article-title":"Epidural versus general anaesthesia for total hip arthroplasty in elderly patients","volume":"24","author":"Hole","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01130","article-title":"Prophylaxis against pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty","volume":"93","author":"Khatod","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib36","first-page":"72","article-title":"Thromboembolism following total hip replacement: a prospective investigation of 94 patients with emphasis on the efficacy of lumbar epidural anesthesia in prophylaxis","volume":"11","author":"Modig","year":"1986","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.902768","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 3 different anesthesia techniques used in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(97)00035-4","article-title":"Comparison of general anesthesia with and without lumbar epidural for total hip arthroplasty: effects of epidural block on hip arthroplasty","volume":"9","author":"Dauphin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1982.tb06086.x","article-title":"Some observations on urinary retention and deep hip sepsis following total hip replacement","volume":"52","author":"Walton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198504000-00044","article-title":"Total hip arthroplasty. An investigation of factors related to postoperative urinary retention","volume":"194","author":"Walts","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.71B2.2925731","article-title":"Deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. A comparison between spinal and general anaesthesia","volume":"71","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet104","article-title":"Recovery after total intravenous general anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia for total knee arthroplasty: a randomized trial","volume":"111","author":"Harsten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/52.11.1117","article-title":"Spinal and general anaesthesia in total hip replacement: frequency of deep vein thrombosis","volume":"52","author":"Thorburn","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.86B8.14240","article-title":"Is epidural anaesthesia acceptable at total hip arthroplasty? A study of the rates of urinary catheterisation","volume":"86","author":"Macdowell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689508801218","article-title":"Epidural anaesthesia and urinary dysfunction: the risks in total hip replacement","volume":"88","author":"Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1992.tb07530.x","article-title":"Prophylaxis against venous thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty","volume":"62","author":"Feller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S100293","article-title":"The effects of timing of prophylaxis, type of anesthesia, and use of mechanical methods on outcome in major orthopedic surgery\u2014subgroup analyses from 17,701 patients in the XAMOS study","volume":"12","author":"Haas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000161824.52515.31","article-title":"Thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"436","author":"Sarmiento","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-5403(94)90114-7","article-title":"Deep venous thrombosis following total hip arthroplasty. Effects of prolonged postoperative epidural anesthesia","volume":"9","author":"Dalldorf","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib50","first-page":"273","article-title":"Anaesthetic techniques and thromboembolism in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"3","author":"Fredin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib51","first-page":"125","article-title":"Comparative influences of epidural and general anaesthesia on deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after total hip replacement","volume":"147","author":"Modig","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198302000-00010","article-title":"Thromboembolism after total hip replacement: role of epidural and general anesthesia","volume":"62","author":"Modig","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198910000-00026","article-title":"Prevention of thromboembolism following elective hip surgery. The value of regional anesthesia and graded compression stockings","volume":"247","author":"Wille-Jorgensen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00662","article-title":"General compared with spinal anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty","volume":"97","author":"Basques","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(03)00082-5","article-title":"Comparison of general and spinal anesthesia and their influence on hemostatic markers in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty","volume":"15","author":"Brueckner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199108000-00017","article-title":"Prevention of thromboembolic disease following total knee arthroplasty. Epidural versus general anesthesia","volume":"269","author":"Mitchell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.5792\/ksrr.16.009","article-title":"Comparison of short-term complications of general and spinal anesthesia for primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib58","first-page":"3883","article-title":"Effects of different anesthesia methods on cognitive dysfunction after hip replacement operation in elder patients","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2006.10.011","article-title":"Caudal epidural anesthesia administered intraoperatively provides for effective postoperative analgesia after total hip arthroplasty","volume":"19","author":"Kita","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1159\/000053545","article-title":"Causes of higher blood loss during general anesthesia compared to spinal anesthesia in total hip replacement\u2014a retrospective analysis of data collected online","volume":"27","author":"Benson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transfus Med Hemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(01)00362-2","article-title":"Frequency of hypotension and bradycardia during general anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, or integrated epidural-general anesthesia for total hip replacement","volume":"14","author":"Borghi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/59.5.561","article-title":"Influence of spinal and general anaesthesia on haemostasis during total hip arthroplasty","volume":"59","author":"Davis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2004.09.006","article-title":"Comparison of hypotensive epidural anesthesia and hypotensive total intravenous anesthesia on intraoperative blood loss during total hip replacement","volume":"17","author":"Eroglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00390191","article-title":"Blood loss in total hip replacement. A retrospective study","volume":"111","author":"Flordal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib65","first-page":"111","article-title":"Deep infection in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"51","author":"Hamilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000069341","article-title":"Comparison of blood loss using fluorescein flow cytometry during total hip replacement under general or spinal anesthesia","volume":"30","author":"Hartmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transfus Med Hemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6741.1683","article-title":"Cognitive and functional competence after anaesthesia in patients aged over 60: controlled trial of general and regional anaesthesia for elective hip or knee replacement","volume":"300","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1977.tb09981.x","article-title":"Anaesthesia and blood loss in total hip replacement","volume":"32","author":"Keith","year":"1977","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.13048","article-title":"Blood management in total hip replacement: an analysis of factors associated with allogenic blood transfusion","volume":"85","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182039f5d","article-title":"Perioperative nerve injury after total knee arthroplasty: regional anesthesia risk during a 20-year cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Jacob","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000120","article-title":"Inpatient falls after total knee arthroplasty: the role of anesthesia type and peripheral nerve blocks","volume":"120","author":"Memtsoudis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP160225099K","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy and safety of four different anesthesia\/postoperative analgesia protocols in patients following total hip arthroplasty","volume":"74","author":"Kendri\u0161i\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vojnosanit Pregl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/54.1.29","article-title":"Suppression of antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion during surgery by extradural anaesthesia","volume":"54","author":"Bonnet","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2004.05.005","article-title":"Effect of different anesthesia techniques on red blood cell endogenous recovery in hip arthroplasty","volume":"17","author":"Borghi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1980.tb01553.x","article-title":"Effect of epidural versus general anaesthesia on calf blood flow","volume":"24","author":"Modig","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/55.7.625","article-title":"Role of extradural and of general anaesthesia in fibrinolysis and coagulation after total hip replacement","volume":"55","author":"Modig","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib77","first-page":"345","article-title":"Intra- and post-operative blood loss and haemodynamics in total hip replacement when performed under lumbar epidural versus general anaesthesia","volume":"4","author":"Modig","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/039139889902200110","article-title":"Reducing perioperative blood loss in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty","volume":"22","author":"D\u2019Ambrosio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/54.5.491","article-title":"Blood loss in total hip replacement: extradural v. phenoperidine analgesia","volume":"54","author":"Chin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199907000-00019","article-title":"Ropivacaine epidural anesthesia and analgesia versus general anesthesia and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine in the perioperative management of hip replacement. Ropivacaine Hip Replacement Multicenter Study Group","volume":"89","author":"Wulf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530010058035","article-title":"Cognitive effects after epidural vs general anesthesia in older adults. A randomized trial","volume":"274","author":"Williams-Russo","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199610000-00028","article-title":"Randomized trial of epidural versus general anesthesia: outcomes after primary total knee replacement","volume":"331","author":"Williams-Russo P","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000656","article-title":"Effects of anaesthesia and analgesia on long-term outcome after total knee replacement: a prospective, observational, multicentre study","volume":"34","author":"Bugada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-015-1616-3","article-title":"Less incidence of coronary artery disease in general anesthesia compared to spinal-epidural anesthesia after total knee replacement: 90-day follow-up period by a population-based dataset","volume":"25","author":"Hsieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1054\/arth.2001.23622","article-title":"Continuous femoral blocks improve recovery and outcome of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty","volume":"16","author":"Chelly","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib86","first-page":"442","article-title":"Postoperative outcome in Chinese patients having primary total knee arthroplasty under general anaesthesia\/intravenous patient-controlled analgesia compared to spinal-epidural anaesthesia\/analgesia","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a1bf1c","article-title":"Neuraxial anesthesia decreases postoperative systemic infection risk compared with general anesthesia in knee arthroplasty","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib88","first-page":"213","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for urinary retention following total knee arthroplasty: a Singapore hospital experience","volume":"48","author":"Lingaraj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19940702-08","article-title":"Effects of epidural anesthesia on incidence of venous thromboembolism following joint replacement","volume":"17","author":"Haas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/66.1.8","article-title":"Antithrombotic efficacy of continuous extradural analgesia after knee replacement","volume":"66","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679008993060","article-title":"Lower thrombosis risk with epidural blockade in knee arthroplasty","volume":"61","author":"Nielsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2016.10.013","article-title":"Impact of anesthesia modality and mechanical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis on the incidence of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis after TKA","volume":"9","author":"Ishii","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900301100214","article-title":"The incidence of proximal deep vein thrombosis following total knee arthroplasty in an Asian population: a Doppler ultrasound study","volume":"11","author":"Nathan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173040-00004","article-title":"Effects of epidural anesthesia on the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty","volume":"73","author":"Sharrock","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.904378","article-title":"Effects of inhalation anesthesia vs. total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) vs. spinal-epidural anesthesia on deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2003.10.003","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of anesthetic quality in propofol-spinal anesthesia and propofol-fentanyl anesthesia for total knee arthroplasty in elderly patients","volume":"16","author":"Kudoh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3782-6","article-title":"Predictors of hospital readmission following revision total knee arthroplasty","volume":"24","author":"Belmont","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.11.013","article-title":"Continuous adductor canal blocks provide superior ambulation and pain control compared to epidural analgesia for primary knee arthroplasty: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Kayupov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NOR.0000300950.96117.0f","article-title":"Postoperative benefits of intrathecal injection for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty","volume":"26","author":"Napier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orthop Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib100","first-page":"92","article-title":"Impact of age, gender and anesthesia modality on post-operative pain in total knee arthroplasty patients","volume":"35","author":"Pope","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.07.009","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for postoperative urinary retention in total hip arthroplasty performed under spinal anesthesia","volume":"32","author":"Lawrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000934","article-title":"Efficacy outcome measures for procedural sedation clinical trials in adults: an ACTTION systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042_bib103","first-page":"22","article-title":"The stress response to surgery: release mechanisms and the modifying effect of pain relief","volume":"550","author":"Kehlet","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand Suppl"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091219304970?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091219304970?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T17:14:12Z","timestamp":1762103652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091219304970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091219304970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anaesthetic care of patients undergoing primary hip and knee arthroplasty: consensus recommendations from the International Consensus on Anaesthesia-Related Outcomes after Surgery group (ICAROS) based on a systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2019.05.042","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}