{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:43:59Z","timestamp":1793727839838,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T17:35:52Z","timestamp":1562866552000},"page":"335-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":313,"title":["Molecular mechanisms of action of systemic lidocaine in acute and chronic pain: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Henning","family":"Hermanns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus W.","family":"Hollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus F.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Lirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Brandenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Piegeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Werdehausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib1","series-title":"Studies on local anesthetics: xylocaine, a new synthetic drug","author":"L\u00f6fgren","year":"1948"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-195101000-00057","article-title":"Intravenous use of xylocaine","volume":"30","author":"Gilbert","year":"1951","journal-title":"Curr Res Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1958.tb08045.x","article-title":"Intravenous lignocaine anaesthesia","volume":"13","author":"De Clive-Lowe","year":"1958","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-196105000-00011","article-title":"Xylocaine for the relief of postoperative pain","volume":"40","author":"Bartlett","year":"1961","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/54.5.501","article-title":"Analgesic responses to i.v. lignocaine","volume":"54","author":"Boas","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intravenous lidocaine in the management of various chronic pain states: a review of 211 cases","volume":"10","author":"Edwards","year":"1985","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)91061-X","article-title":"Intravenous lidocaine infusion\u2014a new treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy?","volume":"28","author":"Kastrup","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)91047-M","article-title":"The effect of intravenous lidocaine on nociceptive processing in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"40","author":"Bach","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199706000-00006","article-title":"Concentration-effect relations for intravenous lidocaine infusions in human volunteers: effects on acute sensory thresholds and capsaicin-evoked hyperpathia","volume":"86","author":"Wallace","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199812000-00011","article-title":"Low-dose lidocaine suppresses experimentally induced hyperalgesia in humans","volume":"89","author":"Koppert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00338-9","article-title":"Effect of pre- or post-traumatically applied i.v. lidocaine on primary and secondary hyperalgesia after experimental heat trauma in humans","volume":"88","author":"Holthusen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200010000-00037","article-title":"The effect of systemic lidocaine on pain and secondary hyperalgesia associated with the heat\/capsaicin sensitization model in healthy volunteers","volume":"91","author":"Dirks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bja.a013396","article-title":"Differential effects of systemically administered ketamine and lidocaine on dynamic and static hyperalgesia induced by intradermal capsaicin in humans","volume":"84","author":"Gottrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00268-7","article-title":"Low-dose lidocaine reduces secondary hyperalgesia by a central mode of action","volume":"85","author":"Koppert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00233-6","article-title":"Experimental incision-induced pain in human skin: effects of systemic lidocaine on flare formation and hyperalgesia","volume":"100","author":"Kawamata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2003.08.007","article-title":"Mechanically induced axon reflex and hyperalgesia in human UV-B burn are reduced by systemic lidocaine","volume":"8","author":"Koppert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.7.1024","article-title":"Both intravenous lidocaine and morphine reduce the pain of postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"41","author":"Rowbotham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(91)90180-6","article-title":"Subcutaneous lidocaine for treatment of neuropathic cancer pain","volume":"45","author":"Brose","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90087-R","article-title":"Lidocaine test in neuralgia","volume":"48","author":"Marchettini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200001000-00017","article-title":"Concentration-effect relationship of intravenous lidocaine on the allodynia of complex regional pain syndrome types I and II","volume":"92","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.3.564","article-title":"Intravenous lidocaine in central pain: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, psychophysical study","volume":"54","author":"Attal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00229-3","article-title":"Systemic lidocaine for neuropathic pain relief","volume":"87","author":"Mao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000103237.62009.77","article-title":"Systemic lidocaine in pain due to peripheral nerve injury and predictors of response","volume":"62","author":"Attal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200505000-00023","article-title":"Intravenous lidocaine relieves spinal cord injury pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Finnerup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib25","first-page":"CD003345","article-title":"Systemic administration of local anesthetic agents to relieve neuropathic pain","volume":"19","author":"Challapalli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200603000-00021","article-title":"Differential effect of ketamine and lidocaine on spontaneous and mechanical evoked pain in patients with nerve injury pain","volume":"104","author":"Gottrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000169673.57062.40","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled pilot trial of extended IV lidocaine infusion for relief of ongoing neuropathic pain","volume":"22","author":"Tremont-Lukats","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2005.05.007","article-title":"Treatment of intractable painful diabetic neuropathy with intravenous lignocaine","volume":"20","author":"Viola","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Diabetes Complicat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318198317b","article-title":"The efficacy of the AMPA receptor antagonist NS1209 and lidocaine in nerve injury pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way crossover study","volume":"108","author":"Gormsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-010-9407-0","article-title":"Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain control: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"58","author":"Vigneault","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318259bcd8","article-title":"Perioperative systemic lidocaine for postoperative analgesia and recovery after abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"55","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib32","first-page":"CD009642","article-title":"Continuous intravenous perioperative lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain and recovery","volume":"7","author":"Kranke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-015-3105-6","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic surgery: a meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Ventham","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001273","article-title":"Perioperative lidocaine infusions for the prevention of chronic postsurgical pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety","volume":"159","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib35","first-page":"CD009642","article-title":"Continuous intravenous perioperative lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain and recovery in adults","volume":"6","author":"Weibel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31805dac11","article-title":"Systemic lidocaine shortens length of hospital stay after colorectal surgery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"246","author":"Herroeder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6375","article-title":"Meta-analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery","volume":"95","author":"Marret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.10.015","article-title":"Can intravenous lidocaine decrease postsurgical ileus and shorten hospital stay in elective bowel surgery? A pilot study and literature review","volume":"198","author":"Harvey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.2165\/10898560-000000000-00000","article-title":"Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"70","author":"McCarthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1971.tb46915.x","article-title":"Disposition kinetics of lidocaine in normal subjects","volume":"179","author":"Rowland","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01059261","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its deethylated metabolite: dose and time dependency studies in man","volume":"10","author":"Bennett","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacokinet Biopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002665","article-title":"The science of local anesthesia: basic research, clinical application, and future directions","volume":"126","author":"Lirk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13962","article-title":"Sodium channels and pain: from toxins to therapies","volume":"175","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2016.05.002","article-title":"Voltage-gated ion channels in the PNS: novel therapies for neuropathic pain?","volume":"37","author":"Tibbs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(89)90220-0","article-title":"The effect of intravenous lidocaine, tocainide, and mexiletine on spontaneously active fibers originating in rat sciatic neuromas","volume":"38","author":"Chabal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199105000-00020","article-title":"Analgesic concentrations of lidocaine suppress tonic A-delta and C fiber discharges produced by acute injury","volume":"74","author":"Tanelian","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90067-L","article-title":"Systemic lidocaine silences ectopic neuroma and DRG discharge without blocking nerve conduction","volume":"48","author":"Devor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199402000-00018","article-title":"Systemic lidocaine blocks nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia and nociceptor-driven spinal sensitization in the rat","volume":"80","author":"Abram","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199812000-00027","article-title":"The anti-allodynic effects of amitriptyline, gabapentin, and lidocaine in a rat model of neuropathic pain","volume":"87","author":"Abdi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.02.018","article-title":"C-fiber spontaneous discharge evoked by chronic inflammation is suppressed by a long-term infusion of lidocaine yielding nanogram per milliliter plasma levels","volume":"137","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.02.046","article-title":"Effect of local and intravenous lidocaine on ongoing activity in injured afferent nerve fibers","volume":"152","author":"Kirillova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705796","article-title":"Differential modulation of Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 peripheral nerve sodium channels by the local anesthetic lidocaine","volume":"142","author":"Chevrier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.109025","article-title":"Use-dependent block by lidocaine but not amitriptyline is more pronounced in tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant Nav1.8 than in TTX-sensitive Na+ channels","volume":"320","author":"Leffler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00251-1","article-title":"Immunolocalization of SNS\/PN3 and NaN\/SNS2 sodium channels in human pain states","volume":"85","author":"Coward","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-002-0970-1","article-title":"Accumulation of PN1 and PN3 sodium channels in painful human neuroma-evidence from immunocytochemistry","volume":"144","author":"Kretschmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(85)90006-5","article-title":"The systemic administration of local anaesthetics produces a selective depression of C-afferent fibre evoked activity in the spinal cord","volume":"23","author":"Woolf","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00072-0","volume":"64","author":"Nagy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199108000-00003","article-title":"Selective inhibition by systemic lidocaine of noxious evoked activity in rat dorsal horn neurons","volume":"2","author":"Sotgiu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3109\/08990229209144773","article-title":"Effect of systemic lidocaine on dorsal horn neuron hyperactivity following chronic peripheral nerve injury in rats","volume":"9","author":"Sotgiu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00770-1","article-title":"QX-314 inhibits ectopic nerve activity associated with neuropathic pain","volume":"771","author":"Omana-Zapata","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199404000-00005","article-title":"Different time-courses of i.v. lidocaine effect on ganglionic and spinal units in neuropathic rats","volume":"5","author":"Sotgiu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00245-0","article-title":"Differential efficacy of intravenous lidocaine in alleviating ipsilateral versus contralateral neuropathic pain in the rat","volume":"80","author":"Sinnott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199510000-00017","article-title":"Prolonged alleviation of tactile allodynia by intravenous lidocaine in neuropathic rats","volume":"83","author":"Chaplan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib64","first-page":"337","article-title":"Prolonged actions of short-acting drugs: local anesthetics and chronic pain","volume":"25","author":"Hollmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12237","article-title":"Potassium channels: structures, diseases, and modulators","volume":"83","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-7-5","article-title":"Potassium channels as a potential therapeutic target for trigeminal neuropathic and inflammatory pain","volume":"7","author":"Takeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000368","article-title":"Potassium channels in neuropathic pain: advances, challenges, and emerging ideas","volume":"157","author":"Busserolles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.105.4.485","article-title":"Local anesthetics potently block a potential insensitive potassium channel in myelinated nerve","volume":"105","author":"Brau","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib69","first-page":"885","article-title":"Fundamental properties of local anesthetics: half-maximal blocking concentrations for tonic block of Na+ and K+ channels in peripheral nerve","volume":"87","author":"Brau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(98)00196-9","article-title":"Open channel block and open channel destabilization: contrasting effects of phenol, TEA+ and local anaesthetics on Kv1.1 K+ channels","volume":"100\u2013101","author":"Elliott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199801000-00025","article-title":"Blockade of Na+ and K+ currents by local anesthetics in the dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord","volume":"88","author":"Olschewski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000280","article-title":"Mechanisms of lidocaine\u2019s action on subtypes of spinal dorsal horn neurons subject to the diverse roles of Na(+) and K(+) channels in action potential generation","volume":"119","author":"Wolff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000186443.11832.8a","article-title":"Differential lidocaine sensitivity of human voltage-gated potassium channels relevant to the auditory system","volume":"27","author":"Trellakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199904000-00024","article-title":"Local anesthetic inhibition of baseline potassium channels with two pore domains in tandem","volume":"90","author":"Kindler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.049809","article-title":"Amide local anesthetics potently inhibit the human tandem pore domain background K+ channel TASK-2 (KCNK5)","volume":"306","author":"Kindler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.056838","article-title":"Inhibition of human two-pore domain K+ channel TREK1 by local anesthetic lidocaine: negative cooperativity and half-of-sites saturation kinetics","volume":"76","author":"Nayak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001137","article-title":"Clinical concentrations of local anesthetics bupivacaine and lidocaine differentially inhibit human Kir2.x inward rectifier K+ channels","volume":"122","author":"Nakahira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep236","article-title":"Apoptosis induction by different local anaesthetics in a neuroblastoma cell line","volume":"103","author":"Werdehausen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201201980","article-title":"The K+ channel GIRK2 is both necessary and sufficient for peripheral opioid-mediated analgesia","volume":"5","author":"Nockemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.03.029","article-title":"Role of specific presynaptic calcium channel subtypes in isoflurane inhibition of synaptic vesicle exocytosis in rat hippocampal neurones","volume":"122","author":"Koyanagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.016","article-title":"Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels: structure, function, and dysfunction","volume":"82","author":"Simms","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.05.004","article-title":"Injury discharges regulate calcium channel alpha-2-delta-1 subunit upregulation in the dorsal horn that contributes to initiation of neuropathic pain","volume":"139","author":"Boroujerdi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13789","article-title":"Calcium channel modulation as a target in chronic pain control","volume":"175","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91507-7","article-title":"Some properties of inhibitory action of lidocaine on the Ca2+ current of single isolated frog sensory neurons","volume":"442","author":"Oyama","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg040","article-title":"Differential interaction of anaesthetics and antiepileptic drugs with neuronal Na+ channels, Ca2+ channels, and GABAA receptors","volume":"90","author":"Lingamaneni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0526-0","article-title":"TRPs and pain","volume":"38","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000061580.89627.91","article-title":"The effects of local and intravenous anesthetics on recombinant rat VR1 vanilloid receptors","volume":"96","author":"Hirota","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib88","first-page":"763","article-title":"The vanilloid receptor TRPV1 is activated and sensitized by local anesthetics in rodent sensory neurons","volume":"118","author":"Leffler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.12.183","article-title":"TRPA1 activation by lidocaine in nerve terminals results in glutamate release increase","volume":"379","author":"Piao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.12.021","article-title":"Presynaptic facilitation by tetracaine of glutamatergic spontaneous excitatory transmission in the rat spinal substantia gelatinosa\u2014involvement of TRPA1 channels","volume":"1657","author":"Piao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-7-62","article-title":"Activation of TRPA1 by membrane permeable local anesthetics","volume":"7","author":"Leffler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.04.030","article-title":"TRPA1 insensitivity of human sural nerve axons after exposure to lidocaine","volume":"154","author":"Docherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827dec42","article-title":"HCN channels: function and clinical implications","volume":"80","author":"Benarroch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5911","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.163154","article-title":"Role of the hyperpolarization-activated current Ih in somatosensory neurons","volume":"586","author":"Momin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206243","article-title":"HCN2 ion channels play a central role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain","volume":"333","author":"Emery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01169.2003","article-title":"Neuronal hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels drive neuropathic pain","volume":"23","author":"Chaplan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib97","first-page":"417","article-title":"Hyperpolarization-activated, cation-nonselective, cyclic nucleotide-modulated channel blockade alleviates mechanical allodynia and suppresses ectopic discharge in spinal nerve ligated rats","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705363","article-title":"Local anaesthetics block hyperpolarization-activated inward current in rat small dorsal root ganglion neurones","volume":"139","author":"Bischoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.08312FP","article-title":"Effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel current","volume":"110","author":"Tamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.110.070227","article-title":"Local anesthetic inhibits hyperpolarization-activated cationic currents","volume":"79","author":"Meng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31822ddf08","article-title":"Lidocaine blocks the hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation current, I(h), in rat thalamocortical neurons","volume":"115","author":"Putrenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001140","article-title":"Lidocaine inhibits HCN currents in rat spinal substantia gelatinosa neurons","volume":"122","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3529","article-title":"Acid-sensing ion channels in pain and disease","volume":"14","author":"Wemmie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.001","article-title":"G\u00a0protein-coupled receptors: dynamic machines for signaling pain and itch","volume":"88","author":"Geppetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(24)12840-4","article-title":"Local anesthetic inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor signaling by interference with Galpha(q) protein function","volume":"59","author":"Hollmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.09.003","article-title":"Modulation of pain transmission by G-protein-coupled receptors","volume":"117","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199705000-00015","article-title":"Inhibition of lysophosphatidate signaling by lidocaine and bupivacaine","volume":"86","author":"Nietgen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(98)00201-X","article-title":"Influence of anesthetics on endogenous and recombinantly expressed G protein-coupled receptors in the Xenopus oocyte","volume":"100\u2013101","author":"Nietgen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200212000-00017","article-title":"Inhibition of mammalian Gq protein function by local anesthetics","volume":"97","author":"Hollmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200404000-00015","article-title":"Time-dependent inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor signaling by local anesthetics","volume":"100","author":"Hollmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet299","article-title":"Time-dependent modulation of muscarinic m1\/m3 receptor signalling by local anaesthetics","volume":"112","author":"Picardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000130351.76523.3F","article-title":"Local anesthetics inhibit thromboxane A2 signaling in Xenopus oocytes and human k562 cells","volume":"99","author":"Honemann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200311000-00015","article-title":"Lidocaine enhances Galphai protein function","volume":"99","author":"Benkwitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.08.001","article-title":"Neuronal nicotinic receptors as analgesic targets: it\u2019s a winding road","volume":"86","author":"Umana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200008000-00030","article-title":"Local anesthetic inhibition of m1 muscarinic acetylcholine signaling","volume":"93","author":"Hollmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704040","article-title":"Inhibition of m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by local anaesthetics","volume":"133","author":"Hollmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29227-2","article-title":"Local anesthetics noncompetitively inhibit function of four distinct nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes","volume":"299","author":"Gentry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.12.028","article-title":"The effect of local anesthetics on the inhibition of adult muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by nondepolarizing muscle relaxants","volume":"630","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07271.x","article-title":"Multiple inhibitory actions of lidocaine on Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptors transplanted to Xenopus oocytes","volume":"117","author":"Alberola-Die","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2013.01.005","article-title":"Lidocaine effects on acetylcholine-elicited currents from mouse superior cervical ganglion neurons","volume":"75","author":"Alberola-Die","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02440-5","article-title":"Intravenously administered lidocaine in therapeutic doses increases the intraspinal release of acetylcholine in rats","volume":"317","author":"Abelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.08.014","article-title":"Ionotropic glutamate receptors contribute to pain transmission and chronic pain","volume":"112","author":"Zhuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200202000-00017","article-title":"The inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel by local anesthetics in mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons","volume":"94","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705107","article-title":"Local anaesthetics have different mechanisms and sites of action at the recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors","volume":"138","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei271","article-title":"Local anaesthetics inhibit signalling of human NMDA receptors recombinantly expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes: role of protein kinase C","volume":"96","author":"Hahnenkamp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.03.048","article-title":"Different effects of local anesthetics on extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in rat dorsal horn neurons","volume":"734","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21661","article-title":"Local anesthetics inhibit glutamate release from rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes","volume":"67","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200211000-00030","article-title":"The effects of lidocaine on the activity of glutamate transporter EAAT3: the role of protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase","volume":"95","author":"Do","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(03)00189-8","article-title":"Effects of local and intravenous anesthetics on the activity of glutamate transporter type 2","volume":"61","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12957","article-title":"High-affinity glutamate transporters in chronic pain: an emerging therapeutic target","volume":"131","author":"Gegelashvili","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.01.009","article-title":"Structure and function of serotonin G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"150","author":"McCorvy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.01.074","article-title":"Multiple roles of serotonin in pain control mechanisms\u2014implications of 5-HT(7) and other 5-HT receptor types","volume":"716","author":"Viguier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00221.x","article-title":"Spinal 5-HT3 receptors facilitate behavioural hypersensitivity induced by elevated calcium channel alpha-2-delta-1 protein","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.06.043","article-title":"Role of spinal 5-HT5A, and 5-HT1A\/1B\/1D, receptors in neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve ligation in rats","volume":"1622","author":"Avila-Rojas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-10-35","article-title":"Spinal 5-HT3 receptors mediate descending facilitation and contribute to behavioral hypersensitivity via a reciprocal neuron-glial signaling cascade","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200711000-00002","article-title":"Local anesthetics have different mechanisms and sites of action at recombinant 5-HT3 receptors","volume":"32","author":"Ueta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.06.021","article-title":"Brainstem injection of lidocaine releases the descending pain-inhibitory mechanisms in a rat model of mononeuropathy","volume":"237","author":"Saade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/85.5.740","article-title":"Interaction of local anaesthetics with recombinant mu, kappa, and delta-opioid receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"85","author":"Hirota","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90185-E","article-title":"Spinal local anaesthetic actions on afferent evoked responses and wind-up of nociceptive neurones in the rat spinal cord: combination with morphine produces marked potentiation of antinociception","volume":"49","author":"Fraser","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199812000-00023","article-title":"Interaction of intrathecally infused morphine and lidocaine in rats (part I): synergistic antinociceptive effects","volume":"89","author":"Saito","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.2741\/e298","article-title":"Introductory overview of purinergic signalling","volume":"3","author":"Burnstock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-011-9272-5","article-title":"P2X receptor antagonists for pain management: examination of binding and physicochemical properties","volume":"8","author":"Gum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000585","article-title":"Lidocaine preferentially inhibits the function of purinergic P2X7 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes","volume":"120","author":"Okura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.10.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and their role in persistent pain","volume":"184","author":"Lacagnina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2008.04962.x","article-title":"Inhibition of toll-like receptor-4, nuclear factor-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase by lignocaine may involve voltage-sensitive sodium channels","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1799","article-title":"Lidocaine protects against renal and hepatic dysfunction in septic rats via downregulation of Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.03.010","article-title":"Nebulized lidocaine ameliorates allergic airway inflammation via downregulation of TLR2","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2010","article-title":"Fast synaptic inhibition in spinal sensory processing and pain control","volume":"92","author":"Zeilhofer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134636","article-title":"Chronic pain states: pharmacological strategies to restore diminished inhibitory spinal pain control","volume":"52","author":"Zeilhofer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2014.11.007","article-title":"Restoring the spinal pain gate: GABA(A) receptors as targets for novel analgesics","volume":"73","author":"Zeilhofer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/209207a0","article-title":"Blocking of cortical inhibitory synapses by intravenous lidocaine","volume":"209","author":"Tanaka","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198306000-00002","article-title":"Inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid release from synaptosomes by local anesthetics","volume":"58","author":"Ikeda","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00293-T","article-title":"Local anesthetics reduce the inhibitory neurotransmitter-induced current in dissociated hippocampal neurons of the rat","volume":"283","author":"Hara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01372-9","article-title":"Cocaine and lidocaine have additive inhibitory effects on the GABAA current of acutely dissociated hippocampal pyramidal neurons","volume":"821","author":"Ye","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00463-5","article-title":"The alpha and gamma subunit-dependent effects of local anesthetics on recombinant GABA(A) receptors","volume":"401","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000261509.72234.a6","article-title":"The effects of the local anesthetics lidocaine and procaine on glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes","volume":"104","author":"Hara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199701200-00018","article-title":"Local anaesthetics potentiate GABA-mediated Cl- currents by inhibiting GABA uptake","volume":"8","author":"Nordmark","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000110637.14355.77","article-title":"Tiagabine and gabapentin for the management of chronic pain","volume":"21","author":"Todorov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00383-3","article-title":"GABAergic modulation of descending inhibitory systems from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). Dose-response analysis of nociception and neurological deficits","volume":"90","author":"Gilbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.01.014","article-title":"Alteration of GABAergic and glycinergic mechanisms by lidocaine injection in the rostral ventromedial medulla of neuropathic rats","volume":"149","author":"Saade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90738-7","article-title":"Diverse modulation by systemic lidocaine of iontophoretic NMDA and quisqualic acid induced excitations on rat dorsal horn neurons","volume":"157","author":"Biella","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91238-N","article-title":"Central effects of systemic lidocaine mediated by glycine spinal receptors: an iontophoretic study in the rat spinal cord","volume":"603","author":"Biella","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.04.043","article-title":"Antinociceptive effects of systemic lidocaine: involvement of the spinal glycinergic system","volume":"613","author":"Muth-Selbach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31823cf233","article-title":"Lidocaine metabolites inhibit glycine transporter 1: a novel mechanism for the analgesic action of systemic lidocaine?","volume":"116","author":"Werdehausen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/34.10.2144","article-title":"Lidocaine metabolite and creatinine measurements in the Ektachem 700: steps to minimize its impact on patient care","volume":"34","author":"Sena","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10145-4","article-title":"Cloning of the human glycine transporter type 1: molecular and pharmacological characterization of novel isoform variants and chromosomal localization of the gene in the human and mouse genomes","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3893","article-title":"Glycine transporters as novel therapeutic targets in schizophrenia, alcohol dependence and pain","volume":"12","author":"Harvey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000206","article-title":"The lidocaine metabolite N-ethylglycine has antinociceptive effects in experimental inflammatory and neuropathic pain","volume":"156","author":"Werdehausen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000233","article-title":"Local anesthetics take a central action in analgesia","volume":"156","author":"Zeilhofer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2014.12.004","article-title":"The NMDA receptor \u2018glycine modulatory site\u2019 in schizophrenia: D-serine, glycine, and beyond","volume":"20","author":"Balu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001122","article-title":"Inflammation in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain","volume":"159","author":"Sommer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8924","article-title":"Pain regulation by non-neuronal cells and inflammation","volume":"354","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002130","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain","volume":"129","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib174","first-page":"327","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo quantitation of local anesthetic suppression of leukocyte adherence","volume":"68","author":"Giddon","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V56.2.203.203","article-title":"Lidocaine inhibits granulocyte adherence and prevents granulocyte delivery to inflammatory sites","volume":"56","author":"MacGregor","year":"1980","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90299-C","article-title":"Lidocaine inhibits priming and protein tyrosine phosphorylation of human peripheral neutrophils","volume":"45","author":"Kanbara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200107000-00021","article-title":"Local anesthetic effects on priming and activation of human neutrophils","volume":"95","author":"Hollmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199409000-00023","article-title":"Effect of lidocaine pretreatment on endotoxin-induced lung injury in rabbits","volume":"81","author":"Mikawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199507000-00020","article-title":"Does early posttreatment with lidocaine attenuate endotoxin-induced acute injury in rabbits?","volume":"83","author":"Nishina","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200003000-00025","article-title":"Effects of lidocaine administration on hemodynamics and cytokine responses to endotoxemia in rabbits","volume":"28","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200002000-00033","article-title":"Lidocaine attenuates acute lung injury induced by a combination of phospholipase A2 and trypsin","volume":"28","author":"Kiyonari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e32832b8a70","article-title":"Effect of inhaled and intravenous lidocaine on inflammatory reaction in endotoxaemic rats","volume":"27","author":"Flondor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.03.013","article-title":"Effects of intrathecal lidocaine on hyperalgesia and allodynia following chronic constriction injury in rats","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.11.065","article-title":"Attenuating phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the activated microglia: a new mechanism for intrathecal lidocaine reversing tactile allodynia following chronic constriction injury in rats","volume":"431","author":"Gu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31822827a2","article-title":"Lidocaine attenuates the development of diabetic-induced tactile allodynia by inhibiting microglial activation","volume":"113","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181e9e897","article-title":"Lidocaine attenuates proinflammatory cytokine production induced by extracellular adenosine triphosphate in cultured rat microglia","volume":"111","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e32834050fb","article-title":"Lidocaine suppresses the increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase\/cyclic AMP response element-binding protein pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a neuropathic pain model of rats","volume":"28","author":"Joo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46450-2_6","article-title":"Nitric oxide-mediated pain processing in the spinal cord","volume":"227","author":"Schmidtko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200101000-00025","article-title":"The effects of lidocaine on nitric oxide production from an activated murine macrophage cell line","volume":"92","author":"Shiga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000219593.15109.DB","article-title":"Lidocaine inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cationic amino acid transporter-2 transcription in activated murine macrophages may involve voltage-sensitive Na+ channel","volume":"102","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.02.014","article-title":"Local anesthetics inhibit nitric oxide production and L-arginine uptake in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells","volume":"704","author":"Takaishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000174","article-title":"Endothelial barrier protection by local anesthetics: ropivacaine and lidocaine block tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced endothelial cell Src activation","volume":"120","author":"Piegeler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00080","article-title":"The regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential of microRNAs: from chronic pain to morphine tolerance","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.06.001","article-title":"MicroRNA and chronic pain: from mechanisms to therapeutic potential","volume":"180","author":"Lopez-Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2012.62.6.552","article-title":"The effects of lidocaine and procaine on microRNA expression of adipocyte-derived adult stem cells","volume":"62","author":"Sung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.10.008","article-title":"Caspase-2 and microRNA34a\/c regulate lidocaine-induced dorsal root ganglia apoptosis in\u00a0vitro","volume":"767","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2016.3623","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine protects PC12 cells from lidocaine-induced cytotoxicity through downregulation of COL3A1 mediated by miR-let-7b","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib198","first-page":"663","article-title":"Lidocaine sensitizes the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouacil in melanoma cells via upregulation of microRNA-493","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31820a511c","article-title":"Inhibition of acid sensing ion channel currents by lidocaine in cultured mouse cortical neurons","volume":"112","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000709121930501X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000709121930501X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T18:53:06Z","timestamp":1757789586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000709121930501X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":199,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S000709121930501X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.736200592.793565454","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Molecular mechanisms of action of systemic lidocaine in acute and chronic pain: a narrative review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2019.06.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}