{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:30:47Z","timestamp":1789097447201,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T02:27:04Z","timestamp":1642213624000},"page":"562-573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Increased adherence to perioperative safety guidelines associated with improved patient safety outcomes: a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised multicentre trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Yvette E.J.J.M.","family":"Emond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiske","family":"Calsbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne A.S.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit J.A.","family":"Bloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Teerenstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert P.","family":"Westert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Damen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hub C.","family":"Wollersheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 P.","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2002.003822","article-title":"Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospital patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. 1991","volume":"13","author":"Brennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2007.023622","article-title":"The incidence and nature of in-hospital adverse events: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"de Vries","year":"2008","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2012.11.009","article-title":"Surgical adverse events: a systematic review","volume":"206","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0810119","article-title":"A\u00a0surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population","volume":"360","author":"Haynes","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.1999.98664","article-title":"The incidence and nature of surgical adverse events in Colorado and Utah in 1992","volume":"126","author":"Gawande","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/14.4.269","article-title":"Adverse events in surgical patients in Australia","volume":"14","author":"Kable","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib7","series-title":"Safe surgery saves lives","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-010-1112-7","article-title":"Use of the WHO surgical safety checklist in trauma and orthopaedic patients","volume":"35","author":"Sewell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0911535","article-title":"Effect of a comprehensive surgical safety system on patient outcomes","volume":"363","author":"De Vries","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib10","series-title":"Preoperatief Traject Ontbeert Multidisciplinaire en Gestandaardiseerde Aanpak en Teamvorming [Preoperative process lacks a multidisciplinary and standardised approach and team building]","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib11","series-title":"Standaardisatie Onmisbaar voor Risicovermindering in Operatief Proces [Standardisation is essential for risk reduction in the operative process]","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib12","series-title":"Postoperatieve Zorg in Ziekenhuizen op Onderdelen Voldoende, Maar Kent nog Teveel Risico\u2019s [Postoperative care in hospitals parts sufficient, but it still contains too many risks]","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzq039","article-title":"Perspectives in quality: designing the WHO surgical safety checklist","volume":"22","author":"Weiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib14","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Surgical Safety Web Map. Harvard University Center for Geographical Analysis. Available from https:\/\/maps.cga.harvard.edu\/surgical_safety\/info.html (accessed September 2014)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib15","series-title":"Richtlijn het preoperatieve traject [Guideline for the preoperative care process]","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib16","series-title":"Richtlijn het peroperatieve traject [Guideline for the peroperative care process]","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib17","series-title":"Richtlijn het postoperatieve traject [Guideline for the postoperative care process]","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib18","series-title":"Joint commission international accreditation standards for hospitals","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7182.527","article-title":"Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines","volume":"318","author":"Woolf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)60121-X","article-title":"Evolution of wrong site surgery: prevention strategies","volume":"83","author":"Carney","year":"2006","journal-title":"AORN J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b220","article-title":"Surgical safety checklists (Editorial)","volume":"338","author":"Soar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib22","series-title":"Making Health care safer: a critical analysis of patient safety practices","first-page":"575","article-title":"Practice guidelines","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2007.023010","article-title":"Assessment of the implementation of a national patient safety alert to reduce wrong site surgery","volume":"17","author":"Rhodes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-014-0198-5","article-title":"Improving the implementation of perioperative safety guidelines using a multifaceted intervention approach: protocol of the IMPROVE study, a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial","volume":"10","author":"Emond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib25","unstructured":"Dutch Institute for Health Care Accreditation. Available from http:\/\/www.niaz.nl\/ziekenhuizen\/accreditatie-overzicht\/accreditatieoverzicht-ziekenhuizen (accessed September 2018)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-3116-3","article-title":"Introducing the new CONSORT extension for stepped-wedge cluster randomised trials","volume":"20","author":"Hemming","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k1614","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1614","article-title":"Reporting of stepped wedge cluster randomized trials: extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement with explanation and elaboration","volume":"363","author":"Hemming","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181d5f95c","article-title":"Postoperative mortality in The Netherlands: a population-based analysis of surgery-specific risk in adults","volume":"5","author":"Noordzij","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib29","series-title":"Praktijkboek pati\u00ebntveiligheid [Patient safety practice book]","first-page":"175","article-title":"Het PREZIES-netwerk; surveillance als kwaliteitssysteem ter preventie van ziekenhuisinfecties [The PREZIES network; surveillance as a quality system for the prevention of hospital infections]","author":"Wille","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib30","unstructured":"Veilige zorg, ieders zorg [Safe care, everyone\u2019s care]. Pati\u00ebntveiligheidsprogramma GGZ [GGZ patient safety programme]. Available from http:\/\/www.veiligezorgiederszorg.nl\/over-patientveiligheid\/begrippenkader.html (accessed September 2018)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew402","article-title":"Using predicted 30 day mortality to plan postoperative colorectal surgery care: a cohort study","volume":"118","author":"Swart","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1062860607300652","article-title":"Can the incidence of unplanned reoperations be used as an indicator of quality of care in surgery?","volume":"22","author":"Kroon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib33","first-page":"63","article-title":"The validity of readmission rate as a marker of the quality of hospital care, and a recommendation for its definition","volume":"122","author":"Rumball-Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Z Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410120089033","article-title":"The quality of care: how can it be assessed?","volume":"260","author":"Donabedian","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib35","series-title":"Statistical methods for rates and proportions","first-page":"212","author":"Fleiss","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta8060","article-title":"Effectiveness and efficiency of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies","volume":"8","author":"Grimshaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1191\/1740774505cn071oa","article-title":"Determinants of the intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials: the case of implementation research","volume":"2","author":"Campbell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Trial."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2006.05.007","article-title":"Design and analysis of stepped wedge cluster randomized trials","volume":"28","author":"Hussey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trial."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib39","series-title":"Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau: Statusscores","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib40","series-title":"Implementatie VMS veiligheidsprogramma: evaluatieonderzoek in nederlandse ziekenhuizen [Implementation of the VMS safety programme: evaluation study in Dutch hospitals]","author":"Blok","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib41","unstructured":"Voorkomen van wondinfecties na een operatie [Preventing wound infections after surgery]. VMS veiligheidsprogramma [VMS safety program]. Available from https:\/\/www.vmszorg.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/web_2009.0111_praktijkgids_powi.pdf (accessed November 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib42","unstructured":"Infectiepreventie vergt meer inzet [Infection prevention requires more effort]. Available from https:\/\/www.medischcontact.nl\/nieuws\/laatste-nieuws\/artikel\/infectiepreventie-vergt-meer-inzet.htm (accessed September 2018)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181d970e3","article-title":"Effect of a 19-item surgical safety checklist during urgent operations in a global patient population","volume":"251","author":"Weiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2004.01.036","article-title":"Outcomes and prediction of hospital readmission after intestinal surgery","volume":"198","author":"Kiran","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-07090-z","article-title":"Complexity and involvement as implementation challenges: results from a process analysis","volume":"21","author":"Emond","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0823-9","article-title":"Improving care at scale: process evaluation of a multi-component quality improvement intervention to reduce mortality after emergency abdominal surgery (epoch trial)","volume":"13","author":"Stephens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2019-009537","article-title":"Hospital-level evaluation of the effect of a national quality improvement programme: time-series analysis of registry data","volume":"29","author":"Stephens","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31823779ae","article-title":"Effects of the introductions of the WHO \u201csurgical safety checklist\u201d on in-hospital mortality","volume":"255","author":"Van Klei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9381","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of the World Health Organization surgical safety checklist on postoperative complications","volume":"101","author":"Bergs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1308261","article-title":"Introduction of surgical safety checklists in Ontario, Canada","volume":"370","author":"Urbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib51","series-title":"Perioperatief traject. [Perioperative care process]","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)08268-2","article-title":"An alternative strategy for studying adverse events in medical care","volume":"349","author":"Andrews","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200205000-00011","article-title":"Thirty-day postoperative death rate at an academic medical center","volume":"235","author":"Calland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680109400702","article-title":"Exploring the causes of adverse events in NHS hospital practice","volume":"94","author":"Neale","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2007.01.010","article-title":"Patterns of communication breakdowns resulting in injury to surgical patients","volume":"204","author":"Greenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091221008345?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091221008345?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T19:01:40Z","timestamp":1757790100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091221008345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091221008345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Increased adherence to perioperative safety guidelines associated with improved patient safety outcomes: a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised multicentre trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Journal of Anaesthesia.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}