{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:48:35Z","timestamp":1793159315789,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007481","name":"Canadian Anesthesia Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007481","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000222","name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000222","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T15:27:34Z","timestamp":1673018854000},"page":"302-313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Effect of perioperative benzodiazepine use on intraoperative awareness and postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Eugene","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie P.","family":"Belley-C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4803-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haris","family":"Saud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"D'Aragon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Um","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Alhazzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Piticaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hedden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Whitlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. David","family":"Mazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hessam H.","family":"Kashani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5816-2481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-3567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Timmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3856-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7640-4074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davinder","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Kugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Beaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Kloppenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Schulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5377-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia K.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morvarid","family":"Kavosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Sibilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandy","family":"Lauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Benz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Szczeklik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arastoo","family":"Mokhtari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Jacobsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200604000-00031","article-title":"Practice advisory for intraoperative awareness and brain function monitoring: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Intraoperative Awareness","volume":"104","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201404-0788ED","article-title":"Sedative choice: a critical decision","volume":"189","author":"Ferrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2014.10.019","article-title":"Expert panel on postoperative delirium in older adults. Postoperative delirium in older adults: best practice statement from the American Geriatrics society","volume":"220","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU","volume":"46","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.22.2644","article-title":"Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial","volume":"298","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.56","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial","volume":"301","author":"Riker","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.3.206","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine and the reduction of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery","volume":"50","author":"Maldonado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31826ab49b","article-title":"Delirium in the cardiovascular ICU: exploring modifiable risk factors","volume":"41","author":"McPherson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200601000-00005","article-title":"Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients","volume":"104","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002085","article-title":"Postoperative brain function: toward a better understanding and the American society of anesthesiologists perioperative brain health initiative","volume":"129","author":"Cole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031895","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of perioperative benzodiazepine administration: study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Spence","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib17","series-title":"Review manager (RevMan) [computer program","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib18","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration 2011. Available from: https:\/\/handbook-5-1.cochrane.org\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction\u2014GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib20","first-page":"S23","article-title":"Use of dexmedetomidine for sedation and reducing the dose of antihypertensives in eclampsia patients in the intensive care unit in comparison with midazolam","volume":"24","author":"Feroz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198711000-00016","article-title":"Comparison of midazolam and thiopental for rapid sequence anesthetic induction for elective cesarean section","volume":"66","author":"Bland","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(93)90119-Y","article-title":"Which induction drug for cesarean section? A comparison of thiopental sodium, propofol, and midazolam","volume":"5","author":"Celleno","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1977.tb01190.x","article-title":"Ketamine and diazepam as anaesthesia for forceps delivery. A comparative study","volume":"21","author":"Ellingson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1981.tb01689.x","article-title":"Comparison of thiopentone and diazepam as induction agents of anaesthesia for Caesarean section","volume":"25","author":"Haram","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2001.40.6.738","article-title":"The effects of small intravenous doses of midazolam on explicit recall and the bispectral index after fetal expulsion in a cesarean section under general anesthesia","volume":"40","author":"Noh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib26","first-page":"154","article-title":"The effects of midazolam on the bispectral index after fetal expulsion in caesarean section under general anaesthesia with sevoflurane","volume":"37","author":"Ok","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_380_15","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of midazolam, dexmedetomidine, and propofol as intensive care unit sedatives in postoperative electively ventilated eclamptic patients","volume":"33","author":"Rashid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib28","first-page":"23","article-title":"Effect of flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) on awareness during anaesthesia for caesarean section","volume":"17","author":"Soyannwo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Afr J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/86.1.68","article-title":"Fast-track cardiac anaesthesia in the elderly: effect of two different anaesthetic techniques on mental recovery","volume":"86","author":"Dowd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib30","first-page":"69","article-title":"[Nursing evaluation of the effect of the type of sedation on the degree of anxiety in patients undergoing cardiac surgery]","volume":"8","author":"Gimeno","year":"1997","journal-title":"Enferm Intensiva"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib31","first-page":"142","article-title":"Effect of peri-operative dexmedetomidine on incidence of delirium in elderly patients after cardiac surgery","volume":"32","author":"Imran-ul-Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07738.x","article-title":"An economic evaluation of propofol\/fentanyl compared with midazolam\/fentanyl on recovery in the ICU following cardiac surgery","volume":"51","author":"Sherry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.03.030","article-title":"Restricted versus liberal intraoperative benzodiazepine use in cardiac anaesthesia for reducing delirium (B-Free Pilot): a pilot, multicentre, randomised, cluster crossover trial","volume":"125","author":"Spence","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/67.4.402","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of dexmedetomidine, and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, and midazolam as i.m. premedication for minor gynaecological surgery","volume":"67","author":"Aantaa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s005950200044","article-title":"A\u00a0novel approach to the prevention of postoperative delirium in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery","volume":"32","author":"Aizawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1976.tb11850.x","article-title":"Droperidol\/fentanyl, diazepam\/pentazocine: a comparison","volume":"31","author":"Bond","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib37","article-title":"The effect of midazolam on dominance memory in general intravenous anesthesia","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chinese J Clin Rehab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2013.12.011","article-title":"A\u00a0placebo-controlled trial of midazolam as an adjunct to morphine patient-controlled analgesia after spinal surgery","volume":"26","author":"Day","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib39","first-page":"6852","article-title":"Comparison of post-anesthesia delirium in elderly patients treated with dexmedetomidine and midazolam maleate after thoracic surgery","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib40","first-page":"287","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison between sedative effect of propofol-fentanyl and propofol-midazolam combinations in microlaryngeal surgeries","volume":"11","author":"Dehkordi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2019.84.91","article-title":"Levobupivacaine infiltration with midazolam sedation vs. propofol-based general anesthesia for minimal invasive parathyroidectomy","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib42","first-page":"4984","article-title":"A\u00a0study of dexmedetomidine in the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients after vertebral osteotomy","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200103000-00009","article-title":"Preoperative anxiolysis and postoperative recovery in women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy","volume":"94","author":"Kain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib44","article-title":"Can quality of recovery be enhanced by premedication with midazolam? A prospective, randomized, double-blind study in females undergoing breast surgery","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_419_17","article-title":"Randomized comparison between dexmedetomidine and midazolam for prevention of emergence agitation after nasal surgeries","volume":"12","author":"Kurhekar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.1108","article-title":"Effect of sedative premedication on patient experience after general anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"313","author":"Maurice-Szamburski","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib47","first-page":"311","article-title":"Effects of midazolam and dexmedetomidine on sedation levels, hemodynamics, and complications under brain stereotaxic surgery","volume":"18","author":"Masoudifar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jundishapur Sci Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib48","first-page":"31","article-title":"Propofol for anesthesia and postoperative sedation resulted in fewer inflammatory responses than sevoflurane anesthesia and midazolam sedation after thoracoabdominal esophagectomy","volume":"64","author":"Nakanuno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hiroshima J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib49","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of lavender and diazepam on the anxiety level of patients before orthopedic surgery","volume":"5","author":"Shahinfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Surg Nurs J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2018-100120","article-title":"Comparison of dexmedetomidine and benzodiazepine for intraoperative sedation in elderly patients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Silva-Jr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.71132","article-title":"Assessment of role of perioperative melatonin in prevention and treatment of postoperative delirium after hip arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia in the elderly","volume":"4","author":"Sultan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib52","first-page":"181","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of the effects of the propofol versus midazolam during total intravenous anesthesia for gynecological surgery procedures","volume":"10","author":"Ye","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chin Med Sci J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib53","first-page":"627","article-title":"Effects of midazolam on preventing patients from awareness and reviving in different time with intravenous injection","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Jilin Univ Med Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2020-000564","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of delirium in surgical intensive care unit","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-019-0694-x","article-title":"Postoperative delirium in critically ill surgical patients: incidence, risk factors, and predictive scores","volume":"19","author":"Chaiwat","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/51.11.1051","article-title":"Awareness during surgery\u2014a new approach","volume":"51","author":"Cormack","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v18i2.23","article-title":"Delirium complications in post-general anesthesia: an observational study in China","volume":"18","author":"Fei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop J Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib58","first-page":"394","article-title":"Risk factors for inadequate emergence after anesthesia: emergence delirium and hypoactive emergence","volume":"76","author":"Radtke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib59","first-page":"165","article-title":"[Risk factors for intensive care unit delirium after cardiac operation]","volume":"31","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.03.008","article-title":"The association between nurse-administered midazolam following cardiac surgery and incident delirium: an observational study","volume":"49","author":"Taipale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v29i5.10","article-title":"Assessment of magnitude and associated factors of emergence delirium in the post anesthesia care unit at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia","volume":"29","author":"Assefa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00012","article-title":"Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU)","volume":"29","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/42.6.535","article-title":"A\u00a0simple study of awareness and dreaming during anaesthesia","volume":"42","author":"Brice","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a16898","article-title":"Benzodiazepine versus nonbenzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"41","author":"Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib65","first-page":"CD007272","article-title":"Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery","volume":"10","author":"Messina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000130261.90896.6C","article-title":"The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: a multicenter United States study","volume":"99","author":"Sebel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004641","article-title":"American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative joint consensus statement on postoperative delirium prevention","volume":"130","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-017-1047-1","article-title":"Benzodiazepine administration during adult cardiac surgery: a survey of current practice among Canadian anesthesiologists working in academic centres","volume":"65","author":"Spence","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.11.040","article-title":"Multicentre review of practice patterns regarding benzodiazepine use in cardiac surgery","volume":"128","author":"Janda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.05.016","article-title":"Perioperative benzodiazepine administration among older surgical patients","volume":"127","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091222006626?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091222006626?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T19:05:59Z","timestamp":1757790359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091222006626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091222006626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of perioperative benzodiazepine use on intraoperative awareness and postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2022.12.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}