{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:37:43Z","timestamp":1781509063706,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T01:35:38Z","timestamp":1699666538000},"page":"86-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fatal drug overdoses in individuals treated pharmacologically for chronic pain: a nationwide register-based study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2417-4059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksi","family":"Hamina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5337-8619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingvild","family":"Odsbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidar","family":"Hjellvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0088-411X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torgeir G.","family":"Lid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Skurtveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7","article-title":"Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances","volume":"397","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.05.012","article-title":"Epidemiology of pain and relation to psychiatric disorders","volume":"87","author":"Velly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095440","article-title":"A\u00a0reciprocal model of pain and substance use: transdiagnostic considerations, clinical implications, and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Ditre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-021-02199-2","article-title":"Mental disorder and opioid overdose: a systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Van Draanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2016.1107264","article-title":"Risk factors for opioid overdose and awareness of overdose risk among veterans prescribed chronic opioids for addiction or pain","volume":"35","author":"Wilder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib6","first-page":"1505","article-title":"Opioid overdose history, risk behaviors, and knowledge in patients taking prescribed opioids for chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Dunn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.07.006","article-title":"Chronic pain, opioid prescriptions, and mortality in Denmark: a population-based cohort study","volume":"155","author":"Ekholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271379","article-title":"Association between recent overdose and chronic pain among individuals in treatment for opioid use disorder","volume":"17","author":"Hartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00006","article-title":"Opioid prescriptions for chronic pain and overdose: a cohort study","volume":"152","author":"Dunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.06.049","article-title":"Association between opioid-related deaths and prescribed opioid dose and psychotropic medicines in England: a case-crossover study","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1507771","article-title":"Opioid abuse in chronic pain \u2014 misconceptions and mitigation strategies","volume":"374","author":"Volkow","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.06.016","article-title":"Suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts in chronic pain patients: factors associated with increased risk","volume":"111","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-014-0460-1","article-title":"Suicide by means of opioid overdose in patients with chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Madadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000484","article-title":"Opioid dose and risk of suicide","volume":"157","author":"Ilgen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S382136","article-title":"Cohort description: preventing an opioid epidemic in Norway \u2013 focusing on treatment of chronic pain (POINT) \u2013 a national registry-based study","volume":"14","author":"Hamina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S314959","article-title":"Nordic health registry-based research: a review of health care systems and key registries","volume":"13","author":"Laugesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib17","series-title":"The anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib18","unstructured":"Statistical Bulletin 2021 \u2014 methods and definitions for overdose deaths. Available from: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/data\/stats2021\/methods\/drd (accessed 1 Dec 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494819859737","article-title":"The Norwegian patient registry and the Norwegian registry for primary health care: research potential of two nationwide health-care registries","volume":"48","author":"Bakken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib20","series-title":"Drug report 2023: trends and developments","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib21","series-title":"Eurostat. Revision of the European Standard Population: report of Eurostat\u2019s task force : 2013 edition","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1159\/000526145","article-title":"Individuals dying of overdoses related to pharmaceutical opioids differ from individuals dying of overdoses related to other substances: a population-based register study","volume":"28","author":"Skurtveit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103785","article-title":"Increasing trend in accidental pharmaceutical opioid overdose deaths and diverging overdose death correlates following the opioid prescription policy liberalization in Norway 2010\u20132018","volume":"108","author":"Gjersing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib24","series-title":"Morphine equivalency ratios","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib25","series-title":"Tall fra D\u00f8ds\u00e5rsaksregisteret for 2020","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib26","series-title":"Opioids for pain management","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib27","series-title":"Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management of chronic primary pain","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","article-title":"CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain \u2014 United States, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Dowell","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib29","unstructured":"Norwegian Directorate of Health. Vanedannende legemidler [Dependence-forming medicines]. Available from: https:\/\/www.helsedirektoratet.no\/veiledere\/vanedannende-legemidler (accessed 21 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib30","series-title":"Narkotikautl\u00f8ste d\u00f8dsfall","author":"Amundsen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet123","article-title":"Chronic pain epidemiology and its clinical relevance","volume":"111","author":"van Hecke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00311-4","article-title":"Large and non-specific somatic disease burdens among ageing, long-term opioid maintenance treatment patients","volume":"15","author":"Medved","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6501e1","article-title":"CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain \u2014 United States, 2016","volume":"65","author":"Dowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib34","series-title":"Medicines associated with dependence or withdrawal symptoms: safe prescribing and withdrawal management for adults","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.03.030","article-title":"Comparing characteristics of suicide to non-suicide drug poisoning deaths, by sex, in Ireland","volume":"306","author":"Lynn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016_bib36","first-page":"140","article-title":"Prescription drugs that are not dispensed","author":"Larsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091223005706?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091223005706?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T19:07:46Z","timestamp":1757790466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091223005706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091223005706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Fatal drug overdoses in individuals treated pharmacologically for chronic pain: a nationwide register-based study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Journal of Anaesthesia.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}