{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T17:41:00Z","timestamp":1789926060603,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T07:29:57Z","timestamp":1744270197000},"page":"1638-1647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diuretics in critically ill patients: a narrative review of their mechanisms and applications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Coppola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9260-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Chiumello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7261-7989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afiqah","family":"Adnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lui G.","family":"Forni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5380-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Gattinoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06808-9","article-title":"How can assessing hemodynamics help to assess volume status?","volume":"48","author":"De Backer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2012.09.005","article-title":"Fluid management and use of diuretics in acute kidney injury","volume":"20","author":"Nadeau-Fredette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06946-0","article-title":"Acute kidney injury","volume":"49","author":"Ostermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06310-0","article-title":"Fluid administration and monitoring in ARDS: which management?","volume":"46","author":"Vignon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib6","article-title":"Estimated effects of early diuretic use in critical illness","volume":"1","author":"McCoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00679-3","article-title":"Intravenous fluid therapy in the perioperative and critical care setting: executive summary of the International Fluid Academy (IFA)","volume":"10","author":"Malbrain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib8","first-page":"2093","article-title":"Acid-base disorders in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Chiumello","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000132892.51063.2F","article-title":"Diuretics and mortality in acute renal failure","volume":"32","author":"Uchino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c70","DOI":"10.1159\/000108641","article-title":"Frusemide administration in critically ill patients by continuous compared to bolus therapy","volume":"107","author":"Ostermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib11","first-page":"223","article-title":"Loop diuretic therapy in the critically ill: a survey","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220701641777","article-title":"Acute effect of furosemide on glomerular filtration rate in diastolic dysfunction","volume":"29","author":"Trivedi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196702162760705","article-title":"Effects of electrolyte disorders on renal structure and function","volume":"276","author":"Schwartz","year":"1967","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09630818","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology in diuretic use","volume":"14","author":"Ellison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F144","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00323.2015","article-title":"PTH modulation of NCC activity regulates TRPV5 Ca 2+ reabsorption","volume":"310","author":"Hoover","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.12.059","article-title":"Diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure","volume":"75","author":"Felker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib17","series-title":"Critical Care Nephrology","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A14","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)91001-5","article-title":"Cellular mechanism of action of loop diuretics: implications for drug effectiveness and adverse effects","volume":"57","author":"Feig","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009070759","article-title":"Macula densa sensing and signaling mechanisms of renin release","volume":"21","author":"Peti-Peterdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703100","article-title":"Diuretic treatment in heart failure","volume":"377","author":"Ellison","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F958","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00476.2015","article-title":"Everything we always wanted to know about furosemide but were afraid to ask","volume":"310","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0557-0","article-title":"Impact of furosemide on mortality and the requirement for renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"9","author":"Krzych","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2012007500093","article-title":"Furosemide is associated with acute kidney injury in critically ill patients","volume":"45","author":"Levi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4832-y","article-title":"Prevention of acute kidney injury and protection of renal function in the intensive care unit: update 2017","volume":"43","author":"Joannidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.12.016","article-title":"Metabolic alkalosis pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment: core curriculum 2022","volume":"80","author":"Do","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.2.601","article-title":"Diuretic-induced severe hyponatremia","volume":"103","author":"Sonnenblick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6055.210","article-title":"Hyponatraemia: adverse effect of diuretic treatment","volume":"1","author":"Roberts","year":"1977","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1159\/000013496","article-title":"Diuretic-induced hyponatremia","volume":"19","author":"Spital","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib29","first-page":"142","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of intravenous frusemide bolus in critically ill patients","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.06.009","article-title":"Diuretic strategies in patients with resistance to loop-diuretics in the intensive care unit: a retrospective study from the MIMIC-III database","volume":"65","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07441-4","article-title":"Using diuretic therapy in the critically ill patient","volume":"50","author":"Ostermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3109\/tcic.8.6.273.276","article-title":"Frusemide in pulmonary oedema: continuous versus intermittent","volume":"8","author":"Makhoul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14038","article-title":"Continuous infusion vs. intermittent bolus injection of furosemide in acute decompensated heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"73","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.150395","article-title":"Goal-directed diuresis: a case - control study of continuous furosemide infusion in critically ill trauma patients","volume":"8","author":"Yeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(83)90344-6","article-title":"Diuresis with continuous infusion of furosemide after cardiac surgery","volume":"146","author":"Copeland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-014-1112-5","article-title":"Short and long-term effects of continuous versus intermittent loop diuretics treatment in acute heart failure with renal dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Palazzuoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2014.08.019","article-title":"Continuous infusion or bolus injection of loop diuretics for patients admitted for severe acute heart failure: is one strategy better than the other?","volume":"34","author":"Caetano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6845","article-title":"Does furosemide increase oxidative stress in acute kidney injury?","volume":"26","author":"Silbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.757","article-title":"Renal tubular resistance is the primary driver for loop diuretic resistance in acute heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Ter Maaten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib40","first-page":"460","article-title":"Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic review (Part II)","volume":"18","author":"Ponto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-020-00339-8","article-title":"Efficacy of furosemide-albumin compared with furosemide in critically ill hypoalbuminemia patients admitted to intensive care unit: a prospective randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Mahmoodpoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000171539.47006.02","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, controlled trial of furosemide with or without albumin in hypoproteinemic patients with acute lung injury","volume":"33","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260312","article-title":"Diuretic effect of co-administration of furosemide and albumin in comparison to furosemide therapy alone: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2011.011281","article-title":"Diuretics: a review","volume":"49","author":"Wile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.09.029","article-title":"Diuretics in states of volume overload: core curriculum 2022","volume":"80","author":"Novak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0907219","article-title":"Use of diuretics in patients with hypertension","volume":"361","author":"Ernst","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000103632.19915.0E","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone","volume":"43","author":"Carter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2011.09.010","article-title":"Diuretic-associated hyponatremia","volume":"31","author":"Hix","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.289.6446.654","article-title":"Acute cholecystitis and thiazides","volume":"289","author":"Van der Linden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198101223040412","article-title":"Thiazides, diuretics, cholecystitis, and pancreatitis","volume":"304","author":"Bourke","year":"1981","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.129171","article-title":"Thiazide effects and adverse effects: insights from molecular genetics","volume":"54","author":"Ellison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-017-0577-1","article-title":"Acetazolamide as add-on diuretic therapy in exacerbations of chronic heart failure: a pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Imiela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib54","article-title":"Effect of acetazolamide as add-on diuretic therapy in patients with heart failure: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1478","article-title":"Acetazolamide to increase natriuresis in congestive heart failure at high risk for diuretic resistance","volume":"21","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v11.i3.178","article-title":"Diuretic combinations in critically ill patients with respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203094","article-title":"Acetazolamide in acute decompensated heart failure with volume overload","volume":"387","author":"Mullens","year":"2022","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad557","article-title":"Renal function and decongestion with acetazolamide in acute decompensated heart failure: the ADVOR trial","volume":"44","author":"Meekers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1795-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of acetazolamide for reversal of metabolic alkalosis in weaning COPD patients from mechanical ventilation","volume":"36","author":"Faisy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0019","article-title":"Effect of acetazolamide vs placebo on duration of invasive mechanical ventilation among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"315","author":"Faisy","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360100075012","article-title":"Significant metabolic acidosis induced by acetazolamide. Not a rare complication","volume":"145","author":"Heller","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2020-000557","article-title":"Side effects of acetazolamide: a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing overall risk and dose dependence","volume":"7","author":"Schmickl","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1R215","article-title":"Prevention of kidney injury following rhabdomyolysis: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Scharman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib64","article-title":"Role of bicarbonates and mannitol in rhabdomyolysis: a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"Somagutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2021.07.001","article-title":"Effect of mannitol on kidney function after kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"van de Laar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.10.044","article-title":"Osmotic nephrosis: acute kidney injury with accumulation of proximal tubular lysosomes due to administration of exogenous solutes","volume":"51","author":"Dickenmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneph.2022.879766","article-title":"New insights into diuretic use to treat congestion in the ICU: beyond furosemide","volume":"2","author":"Escudero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.03.035","article-title":"Hyperkalemia and acute kidney injury with spironolactone use among patients with heart failure","volume":"95","author":"Secora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.69.817.887","article-title":"Type IV renal tubular acidosis and spironolactone therapy in the elderly","volume":"69","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib70","article-title":"Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on water and sodium metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04481-y","article-title":"Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in intensive care unit patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot case control study","volume":"27","author":"M\u00e5rtensson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.10510","article-title":"Dapagliflozin for critically ill patients with acute organ dysfunction: the DEFENDER randomized clinical trial","volume":"332","author":"Tavares","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.08.027","article-title":"Diuretic resistance","volume":"69","author":"Hoorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.215","article-title":"Diuretic response in acute heart failure\u2014pathophysiology, evaluation, and therapy","volume":"12","author":"ter Maaten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114174","article-title":"Angiotensin II stimulates early proximal bicarbonate absorption in the rat by decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac689","article-title":"Combining loop with thiazide diuretics for decompensated heart failure: the CLOROTIC trial","volume":"44","author":"Trull\u00e0s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06596-8","article-title":"Feasibility of conservative fluid administration and deresuscitation compared with usual care in critical illness: the Role of Active Deresuscitation after Resuscitation-2 (RADAR-2) randomised clinical trial","volume":"48","author":"Silversides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.01.017","article-title":"Addition of indapamide to frusemide increases natriuresis and creatinine clearance, but not diuresis, in fluid overloaded ICU patients","volume":"33","author":"Bihari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib79","first-page":"306","article-title":"Pilot randomised double-blind controlled trial of high-dose spironolactone in critically ill patients receiving a frusemide infusion","volume":"10","author":"Apte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R207","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13015","article-title":"Development and standardization of a furosemide stress test to predict the severity of acute kidney injury","volume":"17","author":"Chawla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1986.148","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid\u2013stimulated renal acidification: the critical role of dietary sodium","volume":"30","author":"Harrington","year":"1986","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-016-0168-y","article-title":"Real-time urinary electrolyte monitoring after furosemide administration in surgical ICU patients with normal renal function","volume":"6","author":"Zazzeron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5049\/EBP.2006.4.2.61","article-title":"Mannitol-induced metabolic alkalosis","volume":"4","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrolyte Blood Press"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000709122500159X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000709122500159X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:37:51Z","timestamp":1780274271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000709122500159X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S000709122500159X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diuretics in critically ill patients: a narrative review of their mechanisms and applications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.032","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Journal of Anaesthesia.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}