{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:40:40Z","timestamp":1792291240924,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T15:58:48Z","timestamp":1746806328000},"page":"79-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of departmental green anaesthesia interventions on carbon dioxide equivalent emissions: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4062-2572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Hammer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6307-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Eichlseder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Klivinyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kordula","family":"Lang-Illievich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7886-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Pichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaus","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7643-3193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Zoidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1201-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmar","family":"Bornemann-Cimenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32464-9","article-title":"The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health","volume":"391","author":"Watts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.055","article-title":"Environmental sustainability in anaesthesia and critical care","volume":"125","author":"McGain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00311-4","article-title":"A qualitative study of what motivates and enables climate-engaged physicians in Canada to engage in health-care sustainability, advocacy, and action","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e216","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30040-2","article-title":"Anaesthetic gases, climate change, and sustainable practice","volume":"1","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.01.027","article-title":"Climate-smart actions in the operating theatre for improving sustainability practices: a systematic review","volume":"83","author":"Pradere","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31824f6940","article-title":"Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of anesthetic drugs","volume":"114","author":"Sherman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq259","article-title":"Inhalation anaesthetics and climate change","volume":"105","author":"Sulbaek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005890","article-title":"The triple bottom line and stabilization wedges: a framework for perioperative sustainability","volume":"134","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/1355819614534836","article-title":"Environmental sustainability in hospitals - a systematic review and research agenda","volume":"19","author":"McGain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15598","article-title":"Principles of environmentally-sustainable anaesthesia: a global consensus statement from the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists","volume":"77","author":"White","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14853","article-title":"Abandoning inhalational anaesthesia","volume":"75","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01540-9","article-title":"The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels","volume":"400","author":"Romanello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15356","article-title":"Comparing the environmental impact of inhalational anaesthesia and propofol-based intravenous anaesthesia","volume":"76","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib14","article-title":"Carbon footprint of inhalational and total intravenous anaesthesia for paediatric anaesthesia: a modelling study","volume":"129","author":"Stilwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comment Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EA9.0000000000000025","article-title":"Environmental sustainability in the operating room: a worldwide survey among anaesthesiologists","volume":"2","author":"Gonzalez-Pizarro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2022.08.005","article-title":"Sustainability in anaesthesia and critical care: beyond carbon","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib18","article-title":"Departmental green anaesthesia interventions","author":"Bornemann-Cimenti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Sci Found"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib19","unstructured":"Cochrane. The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager web (RevMan web) 4.25.0. Available from: https:\/\/revman.cochrane.org (accessed August 30, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib20","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105411","article-title":"The carbon footprint of general anaesthetics: a case study in the UK","volume":"167","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216669183","article-title":"Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and\/or mid-quartile range","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","article-title":"Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.06.047","article-title":"Skills in total intravenous anaesthesia facilitate reduced volatile anaesthetic consumption","volume":"133","author":"Bernat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006172","article-title":"Association between anesthesia provider education and carbon footprint related to the use of inhaled halogenated anesthetics","volume":"136","author":"Chambrin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.23.17767-4","article-title":"Easy-to-implement educational interventions to bring climate-smart actions to daily anesthesiologic practice: a cross-sectional before and after study","volume":"90","author":"D\u00f6lker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.11.049","article-title":"Environmental and economic impact of sustainable anaesthesia interventions: a single-centre retrospective observational study","volume":"133","author":"Gasciauskaite","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13994","article-title":"The implementation of low-flow anesthesia at a tertiary pediatric center: a quality improvement initiative","volume":"30","author":"Glenski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.026","article-title":"Evaluation of a protocol to reduce the environmental impact of anaesthetic gases","volume":"133","author":"Hafiani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006421","article-title":"Project SPRUCE: saving our planet by reducing carbon emissions, a pediatric anesthesia sustainability quality improvement initiative","volume":"137","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2022-002132","article-title":"Developing a quality improvement project to tackle the desflurane problem","volume":"12","author":"Ang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib32","article-title":"Reducing the carbon footprint of operating rooms through education on the effects of inhalation anesthetics on global warming: a retrospective study","volume":"103","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib33","first-page":"154","article-title":"The carbon footprint of anaesthesia: how the choice of volatile anaesthetic affects the CO2 emissions of a department of anaesthesiology","volume":"61","author":"Richter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anasthesiologie Intensivmed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib34","article-title":"Sustainability standards in pediatric anesthesia: quality initiative to reduce costly environmentally harmful volatile anesthetics","volume":"8","author":"Waberski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Qual Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2022-001867","article-title":"Greenhouse gas reduction in anaesthesia practice: a departmental environmental strategy","volume":"11","author":"Wyssusek","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003771","article-title":"Provider education and vaporizer labeling lead to reduced anesthetic agent purchasing with cost savings and reduced greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"128","author":"Zuegge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0903700521","article-title":"An audit of potentially recyclable waste from anaesthetic practice","volume":"37","author":"McGain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/0840470416677118","article-title":"Greening healthcare at muskoka algonquin healthcare","volume":"30","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthc Manage Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.3390\/su16114529","article-title":"Strategies for achieving sustainable anesthesia: insights from Austrian experts\u2014a qualitative interview study","volume":"16","author":"Hammer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaceaccp\/mku033","article-title":"Atmospheric science, anaesthesia, and the environment","volume":"15","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31824eee0d","article-title":"Managing fresh gas flow to reduce environmental contamination","volume":"114","author":"Feldman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12251","article-title":"Are high fresh gas flow rates necessary during the wash-in period in low-flow anesthesia?","volume":"36","author":"Arslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.09.013","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000}}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091225002314?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091225002314?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T05:11:28Z","timestamp":1774415488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091225002314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091225002314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of departmental green anaesthesia interventions on carbon dioxide equivalent emissions: a systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.038","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Journal of Anaesthesia.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}