{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:09:31Z","timestamp":1793372971667,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T08:02:43Z","timestamp":1752566563000},"page":"898-911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Non-insulin diabetes medicines: a narrative review for anaesthetists and intensivists"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5418-6225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Tinsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8197-792X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2778-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3619-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ketan","family":"Dhatariya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1646-8321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger D.","family":"Knaggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2225-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population\u2013representative studies with 141 million participants","volume":"404","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12971","article-title":"Assessing the quality of primary care referrals to surgery of patients with diabetes in the East of England: a multi-centre cross-sectional cohort study","volume":"71","author":"Pournaras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.02.013","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and perioperative outcomes: a scoping review of the literature","volume":"128","author":"Drayton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05787-2","article-title":"Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"65","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-9028","article-title":"From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"58","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.006","article-title":"Development of insulin and its pharmacology and perioperative use: a narrative review","volume":"135","author":"Dhatariya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib8","first-page":"129","article-title":"Perioperative management of the patient with diabetes requiring emergency surgery","volume":"17","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12756","article-title":"A guideline for the use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion in medical inpatients","volume":"32","author":"George","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib10","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in adults: management","year":"2022","journal-title":"NICE guideline [NG28]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib11","article-title":"Current barriers to initiating insulin therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Sanz-Pastor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198911023211805","article-title":"Oral hypoglycemic agents","volume":"321","author":"Gerich","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib13","series-title":"Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Chapter 210. Diabetes Mellitus","author":"Dhatariya","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4318-z","article-title":"Metformin: historical overview","volume":"60","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.27.2.82","article-title":"A brief history of the development of diabetes medications","volume":"27","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectrum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib16","article-title":"History of current non-insulin medications for diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Quianzon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2019.0226","article-title":"Perioperative diabetes care","volume":"19","author":"Dhatariya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.02.039","article-title":"Current practice in the perioperative management of patients with diabetes mellitus: a narrative review","volume":"131","author":"Crowley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16541","article-title":"Elective peri-operative management of adults taking glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors: a multidisciplinary consensus statement","volume":"80","author":"El-Boghdadly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-017-0145-6","article-title":"Metformin is not associated with lactic acidosis in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a case control study","volume":"18","author":"Nazer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib21","series-title":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib22","series-title":"FDA revises labels of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes to include warnings about too much acid in the blood and serious urinary tract infections","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib23","series-title":"Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery","author":"Ayman","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03582.x","article-title":"NHS diabetes guideline for the perioperative management of the adult patient with diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Dhatariya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2344\/anpr-64-01-02","article-title":"Patients with type 2 diabetes: anesthetic management in the ambulatory setting: part 2: pharmacology and guidelines for perioperative management","volume":"64","author":"Cornelius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003237","article-title":"Perioperative management of oral glucose-lowering drugs in the patient with type 2 diabetes","volume":"133","author":"Preiser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S321","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S016","article-title":"Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib28","series-title":"ADS-ANZCA perioperative diabetes and hyperglycaemia guidelines (adults)","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2021.04.009","article-title":"Suggested Canadian standards for perioperative\/periprocedure glycemic management in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Halperin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006791","article-title":"Society for ambulatory anesthesia updated consensus statement on perioperative blood glucose management in adult patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing ambulatory surgery","volume":"139","author":"Rajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003675","article-title":"Preoperative continuation versus interruption of oral hypoglycemics in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing ambulatory surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"127","author":"Gasanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib32","series-title":"BOMSS guidance on medications post-bariatric surgery for GPs","author":"Hughes","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib33","first-page":"CD002967","article-title":"Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Salpeter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13118","article-title":"Peri-operative continuation of metformin does not improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Hulst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000242532.42656.e7","article-title":"Recent metformin ingestion does not increase in-hospital morbidity or mortality after cardiac surgery","volume":"104","author":"Duncan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2827","article-title":"Metformin use is associated with reduced acute kidney injury following coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with type 2 diabetes: an inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis","volume":"43","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacother J Hum Pharmacol Drug Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006863","article-title":"Metformin use in type 2 diabetics and delirium after noncardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"138","author":"Paredes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.01535","article-title":"Metformin use is associated with fewer complications in patients with type-2 diabetes undergoing total knee arthroplasty: a propensity score-matched analysis","volume":"103","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001351","article-title":"Outcomes after surgery in patients with diabetes who used metformin: a retrospective cohort study based on a real-world database","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib40","series-title":"The Handbook of Perioperative Medicines","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12627","article-title":"Pioglitazone has a dubious bladder cancer risk but an undoubted cardiovascular benefit","volume":"32","author":"Ryder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib42","series-title":"British National Formulary","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00849-3","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: cardiovascular benefits and mechanisms of action","volume":"20","author":"Ussher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16306","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a narrative review of clinical pharmacology and implications for peri-operative practice","volume":"79","author":"Milder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.4657","article-title":"Semaglutide eligibility across all current indications for US adults","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03412-w","article-title":"Mapping the effectiveness and risks of GLP-1 receptor agonists","volume":"31","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006810","article-title":"Anesthetic considerations in adult patients on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: gastrointestinal focus","volume":"138","author":"Joshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib48","series-title":"GLP-1 and dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists: potential risk of pulmonary aspiration during general anaesthesia or deep sedation","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-024-00439-y","article-title":"The impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the patients undergoing anesthesia or sedation: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"do Nascimento","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perioper Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6336","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216336","article-title":"A scoping review of GLP-1 receptor agonists: are they associated with increased gastric contents, regurgitation, and aspiration events?","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00188-2","article-title":"Gastrointestinal effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: mechanisms, management, and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Jalleh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002820","article-title":"Quantified metrics of gastric emptying delay by glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis with insights for periprocedural management","volume":"119","author":"Hiramoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-023-00312-x","article-title":"Inter-observer and intra-observer variability in ultrasound assessment of gastric content and volume in critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition","volume":"15","author":"Ruiz \u00c1vila","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib54","article-title":"Rapid evaluation of gastric content with ultrasound: an educational tool","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib55","series-title":"American Society of Anesthesiologists consensus-based guidance on preoperative management of patients (adults and children) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists","author":"Joshi","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib56","series-title":"Response to the American Society of Anaesthesiologists consensus-based guidance on preoperative management of patients (adults and children) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.11.002","article-title":"AGA rapid clinical practice update on the management of patients taking GLP-1 receptor agonists prior to endoscopy: communication","volume":"22","author":"Hashash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-11263-2","article-title":"Multi-society clinical practice guidance for the safe use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the perioperative period","volume":"39","author":"Kindel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006614","article-title":"Association of perioperative glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use and postoperative outcomes","volume":"281","author":"Aschen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00376","article-title":"DPP-4 inhibition and the path to clinical proof","volume":"10","author":"Ahr\u00e9n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib61","series-title":"Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors: risk of acute pancreatitis","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30402-8","article-title":"Efficacy of sitagliptin for the hospital management of general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes (Sita-Hospital): a multicentre, prospective, open-label, non-inferiority randomised trial","volume":"5","author":"Pasquel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F889","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00267.2015","article-title":"Renal sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibition in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"309","author":"Abdul-Ghani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.12.015","article-title":"Perioperative use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for diabetes mellitus","volume":"132","author":"Dhatariya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib65","series-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.03.028","article-title":"Perioperative diabetic ketoacidosis associated with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors: a systematic review","volume":"123","author":"Thiruvenkatarajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-023-03174-8","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor-associated perioperative ketoacidosis: a systematic review of case reports","volume":"37","author":"Seki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2024.7082","article-title":"Preoperative SGLT2 inhibitor use and postoperative diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"160","author":"Dixit","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0039","article-title":"Initiation and continuation of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in hospital inpatients \u2013 ready for prime time?","volume":"45","author":"Dhatariya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib70","series-title":"Patient safety alert: risk of possible harm from the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in patients planned for or post-bariatric surgery","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006174","article-title":"Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines on glycemic control for critically ill children and adults 2024","volume":"52","author":"Honarmand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.10.014","article-title":"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: current perspectives on causes and risk","volume":"65","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabol Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0640-4","article-title":"Serum lactate level and mortality in metformin-associated lactic acidosis requiring renal replacement therapy: a systematic review of case reports and case series","volume":"18","author":"Yeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-016-0267-8","article-title":"Metformin associated lactic acidosis (MALA): clinical profiling and management","volume":"29","author":"Moioli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Nephrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-3023","article-title":"Risk of lactic acidosis or elevated lactate concentrations in metformin users with renal impairment: a population-based cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Eppenga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102427","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions of GLP-1 agonists: a systematic review of case reports","volume":"16","author":"Shetty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-017-9617-4","article-title":"DPP4 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes: safety on heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00536-5","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: established and emerging indications","volume":"398","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1270-y","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones: the forgotten diabetes medications","volume":"19","author":"Lebovitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16510","article-title":"Sick-day rules for the peri-operative clinician","volume":"80","author":"Levy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091225003769?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091225003769?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T21:34:07Z","timestamp":1758663247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091225003769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091225003769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Non-insulin diabetes medicines: a narrative review for anaesthetists and intensivists","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.050","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Journal of Anaesthesia.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}