{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T17:06:08Z","timestamp":1779815168563,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000349","name":"National Institute For Academic Anaesthesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WKR0-2021-0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WKR0-2021-0025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011716","name":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011716","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012373","name":"National Institute of Academic Anaesthesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001297","name":"Royal College of Anaesthetists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T01:32:49Z","timestamp":1767231169000},"page":"695-704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thoracic epidural insertion using extended reality hologram assistance: a randomised trial of regional anaesthesia skill performance on the soft embalmed Thiel cadaver"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5931-1362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graeme","family":"McLeod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7798-4381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mel","family":"McKendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rony","family":"Portelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Husz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hewson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4356-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alwin","family":"Chuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuesday","family":"McKendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3055-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"McKendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavan","family":"Bangalore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Bedforth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5195-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Brullot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6026-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Coppens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Damjanovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Hoogma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Johnstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2810-2642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Kostadinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1813-3986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-443X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Poredos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1996-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apurv","family":"Sehgal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4437-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Sadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Seeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alasdair","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102352","article-title":"Avoid suboptimal perioperative analgesia during major surgery by enhancing thoracic epidural catheter placement and hemodynamic performance","volume":"46","author":"Bachman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102084","article-title":"Visceral versus somatic pain: an educational review of anatomy and clinical implications","volume":"46","author":"Boezaart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-105151","article-title":"Primary failure of thoracic epidural analgesia: revisited","volume":"49","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000256","article-title":"Confirming Loss of resistance for epidural analgesia: a new role for technology","volume":"40","author":"Lechner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01584-x","article-title":"A randomized comparison of loss of resistance versus loss of resistance plus electrical stimulation: effect on success of thoracic epidural placement","volume":"22","author":"Dobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000313","article-title":"Reliability of waveform analysis as an adjunct to loss of resistance for thoracic epidural blocks","volume":"40","author":"Leurcharusmee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-103296","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasound-assistance versus traditional palpation method for placement of thoracic epidural catheters: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Arzola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-104406","article-title":"Real-time ultrasound guidance versus fluoroscopic guidance in thoracic epidural catheter placement: a single-center, non-inferiority, randomized, active-controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib9","first-page":"4","article-title":"What is medical extended reality? A taxonomy defining the current breadth and depth of an evolving field","volume":"1","author":"Spiegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Ext Real"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.11.039","article-title":"Hologram-assisted thoracic epidural insertion in the Thiel soft embalmed cadaver: proof of concept simulation study","volume":"134","author":"McLeod","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008994241","article-title":"Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual","volume":"52","author":"Akerstedt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4042","article-title":"Psychomotor vigilance task demonstrates impaired vigilance in disorders with excessive daytime sleepiness","volume":"10","author":"Thomann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1345","article-title":"Look away: the anti-saccade task and the voluntary control of eye movement","volume":"5","author":"Munoz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701","article-title":"Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects","volume":"171","author":"Shepard","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib16","series-title":"Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/32840","article-title":"Patterns of skills acquisition in anesthesiologists during simulated interscalene block training on a soft embalmed Thiel cadaver: cohort study","volume":"8","author":"McLeod","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2016.09.014","article-title":"The development and validation of the ARI questionnaire: an instrument for measuring immersion in location-based augmented reality settings","volume":"98","author":"Georgiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.04.060","article-title":"Validity and reliability of metrics for translation of regional anaesthesia performance from cadavers to patients","volume":"123","author":"McLeod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev548","article-title":"Physical properties and functional alignment of soft-embalmed Thiel human cadaver when used as a simulator for ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia","volume":"116","author":"Munirama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102132","article-title":"Validation of the soft-embalmed Thiel cadaver as a high-fidelity simulator of pressure during targeted nerve injection","volume":"46","author":"McLeod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000346","article-title":"High opening injection pressure is associated with needle-nerve and needle-fascia contact during femoral nerve block","volume":"41","author":"Gadsden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000133","article-title":"Opening injection pressure consistently detects needle-nerve contact during ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block","volume":"120","author":"Gadsden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200409000-00005","article-title":"Combination of intraneural injection and high injection pressure leads to fascicular injury and neurologic deficits in dogs","volume":"29","author":"Hadzic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.06.003","article-title":"Attaining expertise in regional anaesthesia training using a multifactorial approach incorporating deliberate practice","volume":"133","author":"McLeod","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091225008177?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091225008177?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T16:43:11Z","timestamp":1779813791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091225008177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091225008177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Thoracic epidural insertion using extended reality hologram assistance: a randomised trial of regional anaesthesia skill performance on the soft embalmed Thiel cadaver","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.060","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}