{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T20:34:58Z","timestamp":1784666098460,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005831","name":"Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T20:23:40Z","timestamp":1765830220000},"page":"481-485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High-flow nasal oxygenation, not ventilation: time to stop holding our breath"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8732-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George A.","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9873-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004051","article-title":"Can we finally take the \u201cVE\u201d out of THRIVE?","volume":"136","author":"Simpao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14848","article-title":"Carbon dioxide clearance during apnoea with high-flow nasal oxygen: epiphenomenon or a failure to THRIVE?","volume":"75","author":"Toner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000002128","article-title":"HFNO expert consensus group. A safety checklist for apnoeic oxygenation using high-flow nasal oxygen for laryngotracheal surgery in adults: an international Delphi consensus","volume":"42","author":"Ghosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib4","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula versus conventional ventilation in laryngeal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-019-02697-3","article-title":"A review of the use of transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange for patients undergoing surgery in the shared airway setting","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12923","article-title":"Transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE): a physiological method of increasing apnoea time in patients with difficult airways","volume":"70","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-195911000-00007","article-title":"Apneic oxygenation in man","volume":"20","author":"Frumin","year":"1959","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.011","article-title":"Apnoeic oxygenation in morbid obesity: a randomised controlled trial comparing facemask and high-flow nasal oxygen delivery","volume":"130","author":"Schutzer-Weissmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex036","article-title":"Apnoeic oxygenation in adults under general anaesthesia using Transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) \u2013 a physiological study","volume":"118","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(82)90032-9","article-title":"Cardiogenic oscillations: A potential mechanism enhancing oxygenation during apneic respiration","volume":"8","author":"Slutsky","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14541","article-title":"A physiological study to determine the mechanism of carbon dioxide clearance during apnoea when using transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE)","volume":"74","author":"Hermez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196105000-00013","article-title":"The rate of rise of PaCO2 in the apneic anesthetized patient","volume":"22","author":"Eger","year":"1961","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197312000-00006","article-title":"Pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of apneic oxygenation in man","volume":"39","author":"Fraioli","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14565","article-title":"Uses and mechanisms of apnoeic oxygenation: a narrative review","volume":"74","author":"Lyons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16200","article-title":"The effect of high-flow nasal oxygen flow rate on gas exchange in apnoeic patients: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"79","author":"Lyons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004025","article-title":"Carbon dioxide changes during high-flow nasal oxygenation in apneic patients: a single-center randomized controlled noninferiority trial","volume":"136","author":"Riva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-023-03263-8","article-title":"Transcutaneous carbon dioxide measurements in anesthetized apneic patients with BMI > 35 kg\/m2","volume":"37","author":"Eley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15335","article-title":"Evaluating the ventilatory effect of transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange in apnoeic small children with two different oxygen flow rates: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"Riva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew401","article-title":"Transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) in children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"118","author":"Humphreys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.324","article-title":"Safety and utility of transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) for laser laryngeal surgery","volume":"169","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00890.2002","article-title":"Human pulmonary vascular response to 4 h of hypercapnia and hypocapnia measured using Doppler echocardiography","volume":"94","author":"Balanos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X231198257","article-title":"Hypercarbia and high-flow nasal oxygen use during anaesthesia \u2013 risking a failure to thrive?","volume":"51","author":"Pattullo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004354","article-title":"Carbon dioxide, blood pressure, and perioperative stroke: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"137","author":"Vlisides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.021012","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-based cerebrovascular reactivity and hemodynamic reserve","volume":"49","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286038","article-title":"Limitations of transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring in apneic oxygenation","volume":"18","author":"Schweizer","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14216","article-title":"Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring during prolonged apnoea with high-flow nasal oxygen","volume":"67","author":"Pape","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021506001116","article-title":"Comparison of the transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tension in different electrode locations during general anaesthesia","volume":"23","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-014-9627-x","article-title":"Transcutaneous continuous carbon dioxide tension monitoring reduced incidence, degree and duration of hypercapnia during combined regional anaesthesia and monitored anaesthesia care in shoulder surgery patients","volume":"29","author":"Baulig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-096886","article-title":"International consensus-based core outcome set for airway management clinical trials and observational studies: the Airway Terminology and Outcome Measures (ATOM) protocol","volume":"15","author":"Hansel","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.07.010","article-title":"Modern cuirass ventilation for airway surgery: unlimited access to the larynx and trachea in anaesthetised patients","volume":"131","author":"Kristensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013_bib31","article-title":"Peripheral venous blood gas analysis for the diagnosis of respiratory failure, hypercarbia and metabolic disturbance in adults","volume":"6","author":"Byrne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091225008128?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091225008128?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T16:44:23Z","timestamp":1779813863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091225008128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091225008128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"High-flow nasal oxygenation, not ventilation: time to stop holding our breath","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.11.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}