{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:17:25Z","timestamp":1791598645084,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T20:11:46Z","timestamp":1778098306000},"page":"89-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The environmental footprint and ecotoxicity of sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia: a retrospective observational modelling study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3520-9392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthieu","family":"Bernat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2036-9019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Kalmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Cuvillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Remacle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6836-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Pastene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3097-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5900-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Bouvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Peter H.","family":"Arp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0788-4967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Zieleskiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2113200","article-title":"Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health","volume":"385","author":"Atwoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.055","article-title":"Environmental sustainability in anaesthesia and critical care","volume":"125","author":"McGain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.11.049","article-title":"A nationwide approach to reduction in anaesthetic gas use: the Dutch Approach to decarbonising anaesthesia","volume":"134","author":"Kampman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2025.01.002","article-title":"Differences in national guidelines on sustainable anaesthesia","volume":"38","author":"Remels","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2024.12.003","article-title":"Environmental impact of propofol: A critical review of ecotoxicity and greenhouse effects","volume":"38","author":"Kalmar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003898","article-title":"Total intravenous anesthetic versus inhaled anesthetic: pick your poison","volume":"128","author":"Sherman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5806","DOI":"10.1021\/jp2077598","article-title":"Atmospheric chemistry of isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane: kinetics and mechanisms of reactions with chlorine atoms and OH radicals and global warming potentials","volume":"116","author":"Sulbaek Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Phys Chem A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e622","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00084-0","article-title":"Assessing the potential climate impact of anaesthetic gases","volume":"7","author":"Sulbaek Andersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2024.12.002","article-title":"Volatile anaesthetics and PFAS forever chemicals: A critical gap in environmental impact assessments","volume":"38","author":"Kalmar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19925","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c06189","article-title":"The global threat from the irreversible accumulation of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)","volume":"58","author":"Arp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6380","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c07949","article-title":"Ultra-short-chain PFASs in the sources of German drinking water: prevalent, overlooked, difficult to remove, and unregulated","volume":"56","author":"Neuwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenvironau.2c00024","article-title":"Assessing the persistence and mobility of organic substances to protect freshwater resources","volume":"2","author":"Arp","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Environ Au"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib13","unstructured":"European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). CHEM E: self-classifications. ECHA CHEM database. Available from: https:\/\/chem.echa.europa.eu\/100.011.873\/self-classified\/78529 (accessed 12 November 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.01.043","article-title":"The carbon footprint of general anaesthesia in adult patients: a multicentre observational comparison of intravenous and inhalation anaesthetic strategies in 35,242 procedures","volume":"134","author":"Bernat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib15","first-page":"883","article-title":"French legal approach to patient consent in clinical research","volume":"39","author":"Toulouse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005568","article-title":"Impact of propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia versus inhalation anesthesia on long-term survival after cancer surgery in a nationwide cohort","volume":"278","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105411","article-title":"The carbon footprint of general anaesthetics: a case study in the UK","volume":"167","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.11.049","article-title":"Environmental and economic impact of sustainable anaesthesia interventions: a single-centre retrospective observational study","volume":"133","author":"Gasciauskaite","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib20","unstructured":"Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM). RIVM-brief aan ILT: \u201cAdvies indicatieve drinkwaterrichtwaarde trifluorazijnzuur (TFA)\u201d. (cit\u00e9 13 nov 2025). Available from: https:\/\/www.rivm.nl\/documenten\/bijlage-bij-rivm-brief-aan-ilt-indicatieve-drinkwaterrichtwaarde-trifluorazijnzuur-tfa (accessed 13 November 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib21","unstructured":"Council of the European Union. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2000\/60\/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Directive 2006\/118\/EC on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration and Directive 2008\/105\/EC on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy. Available from: https:\/\/data.consilium.europa.eu\/doc\/document\/ST-13706-2025-INIT\/en\/pdf (accessed 8 October 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib22","unstructured":"European Commission. Guidance No 27 \u2013 Deriving Environmental Quality Standards, Version 2018. Available from: https:\/\/rvs.rivm.nl\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-04\/Guidance%20No%2027%20-%20Deriving%20Environmental%20Quality%20Standards%20-%20version%202018.pdf (accessed 10 February 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16221","article-title":"Reducing the carbon footprint of general anaesthesia: a comparison of total intravenous anaesthesia vs. a mixed anaesthetic strategy in 47,157 adult patients","volume":"79","author":"Bernat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05299-6","article-title":"Discarded intravenous medication in the ICU: the GAME-OVER multicenter prospective observational study","volume":"29","author":"d\u2019Aranda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib25","series-title":"Environmental risk assessment data: propofol","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(76)90132-9","article-title":"Determination of biological degradability of organic substances","volume":"10","author":"Pitter","year":"1976","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06689-4","article-title":"Distribution characteristics of trifluoroacetic acid in the environments surrounding fluorochemical production plants in Jinan, China","volume":"27","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-025-02259-6","article-title":"There\u2019s a new acid in our rain \u2014 should we be worried?","volume":"643","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15967","article-title":"Environmental risk assessment of propofol in wastewater: a narrative review of regulatory guidelines","volume":"78","author":"Waspe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.007","article-title":"Safety and recovery profile of patients after inhalational anaesthesia versus target-controlled or manual total intravenous anaesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"134","author":"Daccache","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102636","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity after total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Kampman","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-025-00234-1","article-title":"Inhalation anesthesia and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) regimens in patients with obesity: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"5","author":"Domene","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anesth Analg Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-025-03385-4","article-title":"Propofol TIVA vs. inhalational anesthesia for spine surgery: in-hospital mortality and postoperative complications in a nationwide Korean cohort","volume":"25","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4499","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c13807","article-title":"Boundaries, limits, global threats \u2013 how can the impacts of global synthetic pollutants be reduced?","volume":"60","author":"Scheringer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042_bib35","unstructured":"Council of the European Communities. Council Directive 86\/278\/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture. Available from: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=SWD%3A2023%3A158%3AFIN&qid=1684830815132"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091226002606?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091226002606?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:28:35Z","timestamp":1786714115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091226002606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091226002606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The environmental footprint and ecotoxicity of sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia: a retrospective observational modelling study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2026.03.042","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}