{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:07:18Z","timestamp":1789747638044,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2019BC025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2019BC025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:26:27Z","timestamp":1783023987000},"page":"1088-1097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis and dose optimisation of ciprofol in paediatric anaesthesia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5945-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueyi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7728-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherwin K.B.","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2022.111047","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Ciprofol for procedural sedation and anesthesia in non-operating room settings","volume":"85","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00254","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 2,6-disubstituted phenol derivatives as general anesthetics","volume":"60","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00253","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a series of novel benzocyclobutene derivatives as general anesthetics","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-024-00159-1","article-title":"Ciprofol as compared to propofol for sedation and general anesthesia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"4","author":"Curr\u00f2","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anesth Analg Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2021.105904","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ciprofol for the sedation\/anesthesia in patients undergoing colonoscopy: phase IIa and IIb multi-center clinical trials","volume":"164","author":"Teng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7443226","article-title":"Ciprofol: a novel alternative to propofol in clinical intravenous anesthesia?","volume":"2023","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib7","first-page":"549","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ciprofol plus remifentanil anesthesia during tethered cord surgery","volume":"22","author":"Shili","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib8","first-page":"923","article-title":"Application of neurophysiological monitoring in spinal canal space-occupying disease surgery in children","volume":"21","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.2452","article-title":"Prediction of pediatric pharmacokinetics for CYP3A4 metabolized drugs: comparison of the performance of two hepatic ontogeny within a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model","volume":"64","author":"Codaccioni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16883","article-title":"Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of icatibant treatment in Japanese pediatric patients with hereditary angioedema: a phase 3, open-label study","volume":"50","author":"Hide","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03598-x","article-title":"Challenges of pediatric pharmacotherapy: a narrative review of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics","volume":"80","author":"Watanabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.06.092","article-title":"Pediatricians awareness of problems with inappropriate dosage forms for children","volume":"511","author":"Sznitowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13122","article-title":"The new FDA drug safety communication on the use of general anesthetics in young children: what should we make of it?","volume":"27","author":"Davidson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v10i2.2368","article-title":"Anesthetic neurotoxicity in children","volume":"10","author":"Salik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Res Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1260599","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of ciprofol emulsion in Chinese subjects with normal or impaired renal function","volume":"14","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.13121","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and exposure\u2013safety relationship of ciprofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15561","article-title":"Population total and unbound pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciprofol and M4 in subjects with various renal functions","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5484","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01914-4","article-title":"Sedation effects produced by a ciprofol initial infusion or bolus dose followed by continuous maintenance infusion in healthy subjects: a phase 1 trial","volume":"38","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-025-02907-4","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciprofol after continuous infusion in elderly patients","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13605","article-title":"Drug\u2013drug interaction study of ciprofol and sodium divalproex: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety in healthy Chinese subjects","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib21","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic modeling and exposure-response analysis of ciprofol in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in patients undergoing elective surgery: a prospective dose optimization study","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib22","first-page":"373","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki - ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"79","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094708","article-title":"Mechanism-based concepts of size and maturity in pharmacokinetics","volume":"48","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23574","article-title":"A pharmacokinetic standard for babies and adults","volume":"102","author":"Holford","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.036","article-title":"Impact of genetic variations on the pharmacokinetics, dose requirements, and clinical effects of propofol: a systematic review","volume":"135","author":"Gerstman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12642","article-title":"What is the ke0 and what does it tell me about propofol?","volume":"69","author":"Cort\u00ednez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex422","article-title":"Drug safety in paediatric anaesthesia","volume":"119","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib28","first-page":"13791","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of ciprofol emulsion in Chinese subjects: a single center, open-label, single-arm dose-escalation phase 1 study","volume":"13","author":"Teng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S478994","article-title":"Ciprofol in children undergoing adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1295037","article-title":"Safety considerations of anesthetic drugs in children","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-011-9528-0","article-title":"Anesthetic considerations in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome: a case series","volume":"58","author":"Gurrieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13486","article-title":"Propofol pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and its electroencephalographic interaction with remifentanil in children","volume":"28","author":"Fuentes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.04.045","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic analysis of propofol in underweight patients under general anaesthesia","volume":"121","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.038","article-title":"Development and analysis of a remimazolam pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics model with proposed dosing and concentrations for anaesthesia and sedation","volume":"135","author":"Eleveld","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib35","first-page":"609","article-title":"Medication errors in pediatric emergencies: a systematic analysis","volume":"109","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2011.577739","article-title":"Profound changes in drug metabolism enzymes and possible effects on drug therapy in neonates and children","volume":"7","author":"de Wildt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14363","article-title":"Mass balance, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous HSK3486, a novel anaesthetic, administered to healthy subjects","volume":"87","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2009.03.029","article-title":"Human hepatic CYP2B6 developmental expression: the impact of age and genotype","volume":"78","author":"Croom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.067546","article-title":"Developmental expression of CYP2B6: a comprehensive analysis of mRNA expression, protein content and bupropion hydroxylase activity and the impact of genetic variation","volume":"44","author":"Pearce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091226004022?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091226004022?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T15:32:47Z","timestamp":1789745567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091226004022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091226004022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis and dose optimisation of ciprofol in paediatric anaesthesia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.077","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}