{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T20:06:08Z","timestamp":1789589168251,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013812","name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013812","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:22:59Z","timestamp":1785529379000},"page":"1077-1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precision of neuromuscular monitoring in paediatric patients: a randomised prospective agreement study of kinemyography and electromyography"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1128-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flora T.","family":"Scheffenbichler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9126-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Marb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9396-2510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Ulm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9725-9335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna S.","family":"Scholze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7217-3312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian F.N.","family":"Bode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9749-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Jungwirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0370-5247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred","family":"Blobner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005386","article-title":"A survey of the society for pediatric anesthesia on the use, monitoring, and antagonism of neuromuscular blockade","volume":"132","author":"Faulk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.23158","article-title":"Neuromuscular blockade monitoring in pediatric patients","volume":"19","author":"Ozgen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med (Seoul)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/83.1.58","article-title":"Neuromuscular blocking agents in paediatric anaesthesia","volume":"83","author":"Fisher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/52.2.205","article-title":"Maturation of neuromuscular transmission in the infant","volume":"52","author":"Goudsouzian","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13478","article-title":"Effects of high neuromuscular blocking agent dose on post-operative respiratory complications in infants and children","volume":"64","author":"Scheffenbichler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egja.2013.02.006","article-title":"Kinemyography (KMG) versus electromyography (EMG) neuromuscular monitoring in pediatric patients receiving cisatracurium during general anesthesia","volume":"29","author":"Gaffar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egypt J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2016.69.1.21","article-title":"Comparison of clinical validation of acceleromyography and electromyography in children who were administered rocuronium during general anesthesia: a prospective double-blinded randomized study","volume":"69","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006926","article-title":"Pediatric intraoperative electromyographic responses at the adductor pollicis and flexor hallucis brevis muscles: a prospective, comparative analysis","volume":"139","author":"Tobias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.70043","article-title":"Intraoperative electromyographic monitoring in children less than 1 year of age","volume":"35","author":"Chaney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-025-01286-y","article-title":"Comparison of supramaximal currents obtained by acceleromyography and electromyography for monitoring the adductor pollicis muscle in pediatric patients","volume":"39","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib11","article-title":"Off-label use of medical devices in children","volume":"139","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7129","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside review: the importance of the precision of the reference technique in method comparison studies--with specific reference to the measurement of cardiac output","volume":"13","author":"Cecconi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.002","article-title":"Guidelines for reporting reliability and agreement studies (GRRAS) were proposed","volume":"64","author":"Kottner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318182af3b","article-title":"Intraoperative acceleromyographic monitoring reduces the risk of residual neuromuscular blockade and adverse respiratory events in the postanesthesia care unit","volume":"109","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994263","article-title":"[Development of an observational scale for assessment of postoperative pain in infants]","volume":"33","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182937fc4","article-title":"An ipsilateral comparison of acceleromyography and electromyography during recovery from nondepolarizing neuromuscular block under general anesthesia in humans","volume":"117","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1604400618","article-title":"Comparison of kinemyography and electromyography during spontaneous recovery from non-depolarising neuromuscular blockade","volume":"44","author":"Khandkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/10543400701329422","article-title":"Agreement between methods of measurement with multiple observations per individual","volume":"17","author":"Bland","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biopharm Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1404200316","article-title":"Comparison of electromyography and kinemyography during recovery from non-depolarising neuromuscular blockade","volume":"42","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-025-01304-z","article-title":"Precision of electromyography according to the calibration approach of neuromuscular monitoring: a randomised prospective agreement study","volume":"39","author":"Scheffenbichler","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.10.067","article-title":"A single-centre, randomised comparison of the performance and safety of a novel mechanomyography sensor with electromyography","volume":"136","author":"Scholze","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344552","article-title":"Bootstrap methods: another look at the JackKnife","volume":"7","author":"Efron","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Statist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000002357","article-title":"2025 ESAIC and ESPA Guidelines on neuromuscular block in anaesthetised children: Indications, monitoring and reversal","volume":"43","author":"Veyckemans","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011772","article-title":"Acceleromyography improves detection of residual neuromuscular blockade in children","volume":"43","author":"Ansermino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00289.x","article-title":"Development of skin barrier function in premature infants","volume":"111","author":"Kalia","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198701000-00006","article-title":"Relationship between maturation of the skin and electrical skin resistance","volume":"21","author":"Muramatsu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7462","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217462","article-title":"Hand size measurements in children aged 1\u201315 years to help the development of pediatric electromyography sensors for neuromuscular monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Nemes","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1994.20.1.29","article-title":"Effects of electrode size on basic excitatory responses and on selected stimulus parameters","volume":"20","author":"Alon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib29","first-page":"4416","article-title":"Electrode spacing and current distribution in electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve: a computational modeling study using realistic nerve models","volume":"2021","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70954","article-title":"Analysis of the maturation of the median nerve in preterm-born children during the first 3 years of life using high-resolution nerve ultrasound imaging","volume":"15","author":"Jansen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.07.017","article-title":"Change in cross-sectional area of the median nerve with age in neonates, infants and children analyzed by high-resolution ultrasound imaging","volume":"29","author":"Jenny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014792","article-title":"The strength-duration relationship for excitation of myelinated nerve: computed dependence on membrane parameters","volume":"341","author":"Bostock","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(00)00163-1","article-title":"Chronaxie calculated from current-duration and voltage-duration data","volume":"97","author":"Holsheimer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24441","article-title":"Skeletal muscle satellite cells: mediators of muscle growth during development and implications for developmental disorders","volume":"50","author":"Dayanidhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092360315","article-title":"Development of innervation of skeletal muscle fibers in man: relation to acetylcholine receptors","volume":"236","author":"Hesselmans","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/321406a0","article-title":"Molecular distinction between fetal and adult forms of muscle acetylcholine receptor","volume":"321","author":"Mishina","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07774-6","article-title":"Structural switch in acetylcholine receptors in developing muscle","volume":"632","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2024.04.002","article-title":"Revisiting the compound muscle action potential (CMAP)","volume":"9","author":"Barkhaus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlaf123","article-title":"Establishment of normal myofiber size distribution in children and young adults","volume":"84","author":"Lawlor","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.24.1.2","article-title":"Child-adult differences in muscle activation--a review","volume":"24","author":"Dotan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.02181.x","article-title":"Sevoflurane increases fade of neuromuscular response to TOF stimulation following rocuronium administration in children. A PK\/PD analysis","volume":"17","author":"Woloszczuk-Gebicka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aef177","article-title":"Optimal rocuronium dose for intubation during inhalation induction with sevoflurane in children","volume":"89","author":"Eikermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael368","article-title":"Neuromuscular effects of sevoflurane in myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"98","author":"Nitahara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-11002-0013","article-title":"Development and functions of mitochondria in early life","volume":"1","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Newborn (Clarksville)"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2008.05865.x","article-title":"Basic principles of neuromuscular transmission","volume":"64","author":"Martyn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81248-9","article-title":"Mitochondrial involvement in post-tetanic potentiation of synaptic transmission","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199701000-00016","article-title":"Isoflurane and sevoflurane interact with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels in micromolar concentrations","volume":"86","author":"Scheller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.02.022","article-title":"Counting train-of-four twitch response: comparison of palpation to mechanomyography, acceleromyography, and electromyography","volume":"124","author":"Bowdle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091226004733?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091226004733?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:39:03Z","timestamp":1789587543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091226004733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091226004733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Precision of neuromuscular monitoring in paediatric patients: a randomised prospective agreement study of kinemyography and electromyography","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2026.06.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Journal of Anaesthesia.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}