{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T16:21:27Z","timestamp":1777998087741,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T02:07:56Z","timestamp":1662602876000},"page":"455-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effects of magnesium sulfate added to epidurally administered local anesthetic on postoperative pain: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6190-5653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Get\u00falio Rodrigues","family":"de Oliveira Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-7110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilto","family":"Mezzari Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9521-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia Nonticuri","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S144066","article-title":"Poorly controlled postoperative pain: prevalence, consequences, and prevention","volume":"10","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atc.2004.11.013","article-title":"Consequences of inadequate postoperative pain relief and chronic persistent postoperative pain","volume":"23","author":"Joshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000366","article-title":"Current issues in postoperative pain management","volume":"33","author":"Rawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000237","article-title":"Impact of epidural analgesia on mortality and morbidity after surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"259","author":"P\u00f6pping","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.20.14324-4","article-title":"Epidural anesthesia is no longer the standard of care in abdominal surgery with ERAS. What are the alternatives?","volume":"86","author":"Wagemans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14362","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014362","article-title":"Effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia\/analgesia on the stress response, pain relief, hospital stay, and treatment costs of patients with esophageal carcinoma undergoing thoracic surgery: A single-center, randomized controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v5.i8.307","article-title":"Adjuvants to local anesthetics: Current understanding and future trends","volume":"5","author":"Swain","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000108501.57073.38","article-title":"A qualitative systematic review of the role of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists in preventive analgesia","volume":"98","author":"McCartney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0009","first-page":"11","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy of continuous intravenous magnesium infusion as an adjuvant to morphine for postoperative analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Middle East J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001164","article-title":"The effect of intravenous magnesium on postoperative morphine consumption in noncardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis","volume":"37","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11121273","article-title":"Perioperative magnesium for postoperative analgesia: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet064","article-title":"Effect of intrathecal magnesium in the presence or absence of local anaesthetic with and without lipophilic opioids: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Morrison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-020-0947-8","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of epidural bupivacaine alone and bupivacaine combined with magnesium sulfate in providing postoperative analgesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0015","unstructured":"U.S. National Institute of Health Research. PROSPERO. International prospective register of systematic reviews. https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/. Accessed 12\/23\/2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0016","unstructured":"Mitchell M, Muftakhidinov B, Winchen T, et al. Engauge digitizer software. Zenodo, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.3941227."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S113216","article-title":"Survey of pain specialists regarding conversion of high-dose intravenous to neuraxial opioids","volume":"9","author":"Gorlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199902000-00034","article-title":"A review of the use of fentanyl analgesia in the management of acute pain in adults","volume":"90","author":"Peng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199203000-00005","article-title":"Use of patient-controlled analgesia to compare the efficacy of epidural to intravenous fentanyl administration","volume":"74","author":"Glass","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-56","article-title":"Performing meta-analysis with incomplete statistical information in clinical trials","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0800800206","article-title":"Contour-enhanced funnel plots for metaanalysis","volume":"8","author":"Palmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Stata J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0024","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2","article-title":"Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses","author":"Deeks","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0800800403","article-title":"Meta-Regression in Stata","volume":"8","author":"Harbord","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0026","article-title":"Decision-making about healthcare related tests and diagnostic strategies: user testing of GRADE evidence tables","volume":"10","author":"Mustafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE Edited by Mello RA de"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0900900202","article-title":"Updated tests for small-study effects in meta-analyses","volume":"9","author":"Harbord","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stata J Promot Commun Stat Stata"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0028","series-title":"GRADEpro GDT [computer program]","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0029","unstructured":"Asha, V. A comparative study between epidural ropivacaine with magnesium sulphate and ropivacaine for lower limb surgeries 2012 at http:\/\/repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in\/7345\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0030","first-page":"a610","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of magnesium vs. midazolam as adjunct to epidural bupivacaine in patients undergoing total knee replacement","volume":"6","author":"Daabiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJMP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_1_18","article-title":"Analgesic effect of adding magnesium sulfate to epidural levobupivacaine in patients with pre-eclampsia undergoing elective cesarean section","volume":"34","author":"Elsharkawy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen274","article-title":"Pre-incisional epidural magnesium provides pre-emptive and preventive analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy","volume":"101","author":"Farouk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.68373","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of magnesium sulphate vs. clonidine as adjunct to epidural bupivacaine","volume":"54","author":"Ghatak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4038\/slja.v21i1.4435","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of addition of a single dose of epidural magnesium sulphate on the duration of postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries under epidural anaesthesia","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sri Lankan J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12680","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2015\/1828","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate vs clonidine as an adjuvant to 0.5% bupivacaine in epidural anaesthesia for patients undergoing lower limb surgeries: a comparative study","volume":"4","author":"Lakra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.14260\/Jemds\/2017\/1068","article-title":"Comparison of epidural bupivacaine and bupivacaine-magnesium sulphate combination in lower abdominal surgeries","volume":"6","author":"Lenin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.150141","article-title":"A randomized double-blind study to evaluate efficacy and safety of epidural magnesium sulfate and clonidine as adjuvants to bupivacaine for postthoracotomy pain relief","volume":"9","author":"Mohammad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0038","first-page":"284","article-title":"Comparison of effects of magnesium sulphate v\/s clonidine as an adjuvant to epidural bupivacaine in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries","volume":"6","author":"Munshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.AER_194_17","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate as a preemptive adjuvant to levobupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in lower abdominal and pelvic surgeries under epidural anesthesia (randomized controlled trial)","volume":"12","author":"Omar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0040","article-title":"A Comparative study between epidural plain ropivacaine and ropivacaine with magnesium sulfate for elective lower limb surgeries","author":"Rekha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Sci Clin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9358","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2015\/1359","article-title":"A prospective, double blind randomized controlled study comparing the effects of magnesium sulphate versus clonidine as an adjunct to bupivicaine in sub umbilical surgeries","volume":"4","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.142852","article-title":"A comparative study of magnesium sulfate vs dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to epidural bupivacaine","volume":"30","author":"Shahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egja.2017.07.003","article-title":"Evaluation of analgesia by epidural magnesium sulphate versus fentanyl as adjuvant to levobupivacaine in geriatric spine surgeries. Randomized controlled study","volume":"33","author":"Radwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egja.2011.10.006","article-title":"Preemptive use of epidural magnesium sulphate to reduce narcotic requirements in orthopedic surgery","volume":"28","author":"Kandil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Egypt J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2012.05.006","article-title":"A comparison of epidural magnesium and\/or morphine with bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after cesarean section","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence","volume":"64","author":"Balshem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0483-0","article-title":"Dealing with missing standard deviation and mean values in meta-analysis of continuous outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Weir","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318210483d","article-title":"Magnesium\u2013essentials for anesthesiologists","volume":"114","author":"Herroeder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0049","first-page":"477","article-title":"Magnesium: the underestimated ion","volume":"71","author":"M\u00f3dolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-7094(13)70205-8","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of intrathecal magnesium sulphate","volume":"63","author":"Ozdogan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0051","first-page":"23","article-title":"Psychological aspects of pain","author":"Gorczyca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med AAEM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003348.pub2","article-title":"Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus conventional opioid analgesia for postoperative pain","author":"Hudcova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2020.29.4.212","article-title":"Congruence between nurses\u2019 and patients\u2019 assessment of postoperative pain: a literature review","volume":"29","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Nurs Mark Allen Publ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjan.2018.11.007","article-title":"Tutorial for performing systematic review and meta-analysis with interventional anesthesia studies","volume":"69","author":"Barbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0104001422001063?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0104001422001063?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T20:01:14Z","timestamp":1758830474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0104001422001063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0104001422001063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0104-0014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0104-0014","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of magnesium sulfate added to epidurally administered local anesthetic on postoperative pain: a systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition)","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjane.2022.08.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}