{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:57:12Z","timestamp":1783663032567,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006506","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:01:17Z","timestamp":1772085677000},"page":"105790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health situation of the Brazilian population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7798-2095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia Landmann","family":"Szwarcwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5164-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanessa da Silva","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Roberto Borges","family":"de Souza Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7352-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euclides Ayres","family":"de Castilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giseli Nogueira","family":"Damacena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crizian Saar","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah Carvalho","family":"Malta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0001","article-title":"Involvement of political and socio-economic factors in the spatial and temporal dynamics of COVID-19 outcomes in Brazil: a population-based study","volume":"10","author":"Xavier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czad016","article-title":"Risk governance in the response to global health emergencies: understanding the governance of chaos in Brazil's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"38","author":"Di Giulio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232021265.01252021","article-title":"Management of the health workforce in facing COVID-19: disinformation and absences in Brazil's public policies","volume":"26","author":"Leite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cien Saude Colet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20200030","article-title":"Analysis of COVID-19 under-reporting in Brazil","volume":"32","author":"Prado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.109888","article-title":"Characterization of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of uncertainties, mitigation strategies, and underreporting of cases in South Korea, Italy, and Brazil","volume":"136","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos Solit Fractals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-01012-z","article-title":"COVID-19 mortality in Brazil, 2020-21: consequences of the pandemic inadequate management","volume":"80","author":"Szwarcwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0007","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Revisiting the COVID-19 pandemic: mortality and predictors of death in adult patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"14","author":"Sousa Neto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0008","unstructured":"Brasil. Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Secretaria de vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. Boletim epidemiol\u00f3gico especial: doen\u00e7a pelo novo coronav\u00edrus e COVID-19. n\u00b0 94. Bras\u00edlia: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade; 2022 [cited 2026 Jan 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/centrais-de-conteudo\/publicacoes\/boletins\/epidemiologicos\/covid-19\/2022\/boletim-epidemiologico-covid19-94.pdf\/view."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2022056004178","article-title":"Mortality inequalities measured by socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a scoping review","volume":"56","author":"Ichihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0010","article-title":"Income inequality and risk of infection and death by COVID-19 in Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Demenech","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-020-00344-0","article-title":"Detecting space-time clusters of COVID-19 in Brazil: mortality, inequality, socioeconomic vulnerability, and the relative risk of the disease in Brazilian municipalities","volume":"23","author":"Martines","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Geogr Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.03.011","article-title":"The unequal impact of the pandemic at subnational levels and educational attainment-related inequalities in COVID-19 mortality, Brazil, 2020-2021","volume":"231","author":"Szwarcwald","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-023-01626-1","article-title":"Brazil's Amazon oxygen crisis: how lives and health were sacrificed during the peak of COVID-19 to promote an agenda with long-term consequences for the environment, indigenous peoples, and health","volume":"11","author":"Ferrante","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01011-0","article-title":"Social media as a recruitment platform for a nationwide online survey of COVID-19 knowledge, beliefs, and practices in the United States: methodology and feasibility analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0015","article-title":"ConVid - Behavior Survey by the internet during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: conception and application methodology","volume":"37","author":"Szwarcwald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000172879.20628.e1","article-title":"Review of sampling hard-to-reach and hidden populations for HIV surveillance","volume":"19","author":"Magnani","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0017","article-title":"Adherence to physical contact restriction measures and the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil","volume":"29","author":"Szwarcwald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0018","article-title":"Changes in Brazilians' socioeconomic and health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"23","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0019","article-title":"Association of social and economic conditions with the incidence of sleep disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibaa095","article-title":"Changes in the clustering of unhealthy movement behaviors during the COVID-19 quarantine and the association with mental health indicators among Brazilian adults","volume":"11","author":"Werneck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0021","article-title":"Report on sadness\/depression, nervousness\/anxiety and sleep problems in the Brazilian adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"29","author":"Barros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.014","article-title":"Adoption of personal protective measures by ordinary citizens during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan","volume":"94","author":"Machida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-020-00778-2","article-title":"Impacts of social and economic factors on the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China","volume":"33","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Popul Econ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/20328","article-title":"Mental health disorders and associated risk factors in quarantined adults during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020925835","article-title":"Psychological health during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic outbreak","volume":"66","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2025.108891","article-title":"Post-COVID pulmonary sequelae: mechanisms and potential targets to reduce persistent fibrosis","volume":"272","author":"Vreeman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/3096941","article-title":"Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations","volume":"44","author":"Heckathorn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0028","unstructured":"Handcock M.S., Fellows I.F., Gile K.J. RDS Analyst: software for the analysis of respondent-driven sampling data, Version 0.42. Available from: http:\/\/hpmrg.org [cited 2025 Jun 30]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0081-1750.2004.00152.x","article-title":"Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling","volume":"34","author":"Salganik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sociol Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720260004","article-title":"Application of the \u201crespondent-driven sampling\u201d (RDS) method in an online survey in Brazil: an analysis of COVID-19 morbidity in the post-pandemic period","volume":"29","author":"Souza-J\u00fanior","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0032","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE). Diretoria de pesquisas, coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de pesquisas. pesquisa nacional de amostra por domic\u00edlios, COVID-19 2023. SBN 978-85-240-4614-8. [cited 2026 Jan 05]. Available from: https:\/\/biblioteca.ibge.gov.br\/visualizacao\/livros\/liv102087_informativo.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-12902023230333en","article-title":"BRICS in the production and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines to countries of the South","volume":"32","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saude Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720250056","article-title":"Inequities in COVID-19 morbidity in Brazil: the influence of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and preexisting health conditions","volume":"28","author":"Szwarcwald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01807-1","article-title":"Spatial and temporal fluctuations in COVID-19 fatality rates in Brazilian hospitals","volume":"28","author":"Brizzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf153","article-title":"History of self-reported COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations in the Brazilian population: a countrywide survey","volume":"55","author":"Brito Dos Santos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0037","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [cited 2025 Jun 30]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063902","article-title":"Prevalence of self-reported lifetime medical diagnosis of depression in Brazil: analysis of data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey","volume":"12","author":"Mattiello","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2025.05.001","article-title":"Impact of long COVID on the health-related quality of life of Japanese patients: a prospective nationwide cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Yagi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornish F., Sabaine B., Soares L., et al. The erasure of infection-associated chronic conditions: critical interpretive synthesis of literature on healthcare for long COVID and related conditions in Brazil. Glob Public Health. 2025;20:2490720.","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2025.2490720"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.05.004","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and poor sleep quality in two-year survivors of mild to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and matched comparison groups","volume":"385","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23735","article-title":"Burden of selected chronic conditions among adults of prime working age (25-54) by 2022 self-reported COVID-19 and long COVID history compared to 2019 pre-pandemic baseline prevalence: behavioral risk factor surveillance system","volume":"68","author":"Silver","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.09.006","article-title":"Noncommunicable disease burden in Brazil and its states from 1990 to 2021, with projections for 2030","volume":"236","author":"Malta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311xen008724","article-title":"Long COVID challenges in Brazil: an unfinished agenda for the Brazilian Unified National Health System","volume":"40","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"}],"container-title":["The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1413867026011803?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1413867026011803?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:25:41Z","timestamp":1777616741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1413867026011803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1413867026011803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790","relation":{},"ISSN":["1413-8670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1413-8670","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health situation of the Brazilian population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjid.2026.105790","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia. Published by Elsevier Espa\u00f1a, S.L.U.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105790"}}