{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:44:36Z","timestamp":1789011876546,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjoms.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T02:45:43Z","timestamp":1597805143000},"page":"898-904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sexual dimorphism and geographical variance: their impact on the reliability of the antilingula as a landmark in human mandibular surgery"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Kapur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6981-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.A.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Basyuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-9445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Brassett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Santhanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.04.029","article-title":"TMD in class III patients referred for orthognathic surgery: psychological and dentition-related aspects","volume":"42","author":"Mladenovi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0010","first-page":"185","article-title":"Vertical osteotomy in the mandibular rami for correction of prognathism","volume":"12","author":"Caldwell","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Oral Surg (Chic)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(93)90166-2","article-title":"Dimorphic study of surgical anatomic landmarks of the lateral ramus of the mandible","volume":"75","author":"Martone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(77)90267-5","article-title":"The incidence and relationship of the lateral ramus prominence to the mandibular foramen","volume":"44","author":"Langston","year":"1977","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(95)90007-1","article-title":"The presence of the antilingula and its relationship to the true lingula","volume":"33","author":"Pogrel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2017.10.016","article-title":"Study of anatomical variations of the zygomaticofacial foramen and calculation of reliable reference points for operation","volume":"55","author":"Ferro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20776","article-title":"Sexing skulls using discriminant function analysis of visually assessed traits","volume":"136","author":"Walker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.09.008","article-title":"Vertical ramus versus sagittal split osteotomies: comparison of stability after mandibular setback","volume":"66","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(00)90062-4","article-title":"The sagittal split ramus osteotomy as the preferred treatment for mandibular prognathism","volume":"58","author":"Wolford","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2011.08.009","article-title":"Anatomic study of the mandibular foramen, lingula and antilingula in dry mandibles, and its statistical relationship between the true lingula and the antilingula","volume":"41","author":"Monnazzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2013.01.041","article-title":"Anatomic study to determine a safe surgical reference point for mandibular ramus osteotomy","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-016-0547-4","article-title":"Location, shape and anatomic relations of the mandibular foramen and the mandibular lingula: a contribution to surgical procedures in the ramus of the mandible","volume":"20","author":"Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-014-0663-3","article-title":"The study of antilingula and its relation to the lingula and mandibular foramen, the presence of mylohyoid bridging in dry mandibles of South Indian population","volume":"14","author":"Hosapatna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(76)90182-1","article-title":"The antilingula as an anatomic landmark in oral surgery","volume":"41","author":"Yates","year":"1976","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2008.03.003","article-title":"Evaluation of mandibular anatomy related to sagittal split ramus osteotomy using 3-dimensional computed tomography scan images","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0080","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lingula and antilingula as anatomic reference points for ramus osteotomies","volume":"3","author":"Chenna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Dent Sci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.05.065","article-title":"Accuracy of using the antilingula as a sole determinant of vertical ramus osteotomy position","volume":"65","author":"Aziz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21207","article-title":"Population-specific deviations of global human craniometric variation from a neutral model","volume":"142","author":"Relethford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10424","article-title":"Multivariate apportionment of global human craniometric diversity","volume":"125","author":"Roseman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24293-3","article-title":"Human mandibular shape is associated with masticatory muscle force","volume":"8","author":"Sella-Tunis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19546","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113050108","article-title":"Global human mandibular variation reflects differences in agricultural and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies","volume":"108","author":"von Cramon-Taubadel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-005-9000-5","article-title":"Diet and mandibular morphology in African apes","volume":"27","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Primatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-010-0700-y","article-title":"The study of position of antilingula, midwaist of mandibular ramus and midpoint between coronoid process and gonion in relation to lingula of 92 Thai dried mandibles as potential surgical landmarks for vertical ramus osteotomy","volume":"33","author":"Apinhasmit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cxom.2015.10.002","article-title":"Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy procedure and technique","volume":"24","author":"McKenna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-018-0155-3","article-title":"Anatomical study of the location of the antilingula, lingula, and mandibular foramen for vertical ramus osteotomy","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2004.06.009","article-title":"Neurosensory disturbance after sagittal split and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy: as reported in questionnaires and patients\u2019 records","volume":"34","author":"Al-Bishri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266435620304149?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266435620304149?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:29:27Z","timestamp":1759418967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0266435620304149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0266435620304149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4356","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sexual dimorphism and geographical variance: their impact on the reliability of the antilingula as a landmark in human mandibular surgery","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}