{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:03:08Z","timestamp":1789646588202,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjoms.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:48:06Z","timestamp":1773391686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Condylar hyperactivity, an anatomical variation: a critical integrative review bridging biology, diagnosing, and decision-making in orthognathic surgery"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2265-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Toro-Ibacache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.07.001","article-title":"Histologic findings and related diagnostic methods in condylar hyperactivity","volume":"50","author":"Espinosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.05.026","article-title":"Female predominance and effect of gender on unilateral condylar hyperplasia: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Raijmakers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0015","article-title":"Characterizing the unseen: clinical and radiographic perspectives on unilateral condylar hyperplasia","volume":"126","author":"Ergezen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.09.002","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of condylar volume between patients with unilateral condylar hyperplasia and Class III dentofacial deformity","volume":"75","author":"Goulart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2015.02.014","article-title":"Panoramic imaging is not suitable for quantitative evaluation, classification, and follow up in unilateral condylar hyperplasia","volume":"53","author":"Nolte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(05)80196-1","article-title":"Histopathological and scintigraphic features of condylar hyperplasia","volume":"19","author":"Gray","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19041940","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life changes in patients with dentofacial deformities Class II and III after orthognathic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Duarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2010.0047","article-title":"Quality of life and economic burdens of malocclusion in US patients enrolled in Medicaid","volume":"141","author":"Bresnahan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10617","article-title":"Type VI collagen regulates endochondral ossification in the temporomandibular joint","volume":"6","author":"Komori","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0050","series-title":"Oral anatomy, histology and embryology","author":"Berkovitz","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0503(86)80291-0","article-title":"Condylar hyperplasia. A clinico-pathological analysis of 22 cases","volume":"14","author":"Slootweg","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-019-1272-5","article-title":"Histopathological features of condylar hyperplasia and condylar osteochondroma: a comparison study","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.03.007","article-title":"Histomorphometric analysis of unilateral condylar hyperplasia in the temporomandibular joint: the value of the condylar layer and cartilage island","volume":"46","author":"V\u00e1squez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2013.09.002","article-title":"A classification system for conditions causing condylar hyperplasia","volume":"72","author":"Wolford","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001410206","article-title":"The postnatal development of the human temporomandibular joint","volume":"141","author":"Wright","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2017.08.008","article-title":"Dietary variation and mechanical properties of articular cartilage in the temporomandibular joint: implications for the role of plasticity in mechanobiology and pathobiology","volume":"124","author":"Ravosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoology (Jena)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2015.07.008","article-title":"Genetic influences on temporomandibular joint development and growth","volume":"115","author":"Hinton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2024.106130","article-title":"Association between estrogen receptors polymorphisms and temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review","volume":"170","author":"La Rosa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0095","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of estrogen in bone growth and formation: changes at puberty","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Health Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1835","article-title":"Increased mandibular condylar growth in mice with estrogen receptor beta deficiency","volume":"28","author":"Kamiya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0105","unstructured":"WHO classification of tumours online. Available from URL: https:\/\/tumourclassification.iarc.who.int\/ (last accessed 11 May 2026)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9305","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199305","article-title":"Intra-articular administration of recombinant human proteoglycan 4 (rhPRG4) as a potential therapy for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a preclinical histopathological study","volume":"26","author":"Iturriaga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198902000-00014","article-title":"Posttraumatic condylar hyperplasia","volume":"22","author":"Lineaweaver","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-022-01834-y","article-title":"Condylar hyperplasia: case report and literature review","volume":"22","author":"Pravallika","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2023.07.002","article-title":"Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) diagnostic accuracy in active unilateral condylar hyperplasia: retrospective study","volume":"51","author":"Espinosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02683","article-title":"Pushing the limit: masticatory stress and adaptive plasticity in mammalian craniomandibular joints","volume":"210","author":"Ravosa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513476302","article-title":"The biology of TMJ growth modification: a review","volume":"92","author":"Owtad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2017.11.009","article-title":"Early molecular response and microanatomical changes in the masseter muscle and mandibular head after botulinum toxin intervention in adult mice","volume":"216","author":"Balanta-Melo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.05.021","article-title":"Altered functional loading causes differential effects in the subchondral bone and condylar cartilage in the temporomandibular joint from young mice","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00781","article-title":"Extracellular matrix and cellular plasticity in musculoskeletal development","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.857.5","article-title":"Mouse masseter muscle activity induces IL1\u03b2 and IL6 expression mediated by extracellular ATP signaling","volume":"32","author":"Beato","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2022.1004942","article-title":"NG2\/CSPG4 regulates cartilage degeneration during TMJ osteoarthritis","volume":"3","author":"Reed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Dent Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2024.117327","article-title":"Innate immune response to bone fracture healing","volume":"190","author":"Burgan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.02.042","article-title":"Cryptic ligand on collagen matrix unveiled by MMP13 accelerates bone tissue regeneration via MMP13\/integrin \u03b13\/RUNX2 feedback loop","volume":"125","author":"Arai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.606947","article-title":"Muscle-bone crosstalk in the masticatory system: from biomechanical to molecular interactions","volume":"11","author":"Buvinic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2025.01.033","article-title":"The mechanical response of the condylar process of the mandible under changes of the occlusal plane inclination","volume":"53","author":"Toro-Ibacache","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23358","article-title":"The effect of varying jaw-elevator muscle forces on a finite element model of a human cranium","volume":"299","author":"Toro-Ibacache","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2018.12.020","article-title":"Morphometric characterization of asymmetric mandibles due to condylar hyperactivity","volume":"77","author":"Espinosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/27325016241297151","article-title":"Bilateral TMJ changes secondary to unilateral condylar hyperplasia","volume":"6","author":"Sivakanthan","year":"2025","journal-title":"FACE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101507","article-title":"The relationship between bony changes of the mandibular condyle and Eichner index","volume":"27","author":"Kotanl\u0131","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(03)00318-5","article-title":"Experimentally induced unilateral tooth loss: expression of type II collagen in temporomandibular joint cartilage","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266435626000422?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266435626000422?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T19:43:35Z","timestamp":1780343015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0266435626000422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0266435626000422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4356","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Condylar hyperactivity, an anatomical variation: a critical integrative review bridging biology, diagnosing, and decision-making in orthognathic surgery","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2026.02.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}