{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:53:14Z","timestamp":1778521994263,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jprasurg.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp; Aesthetic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T14:54:24Z","timestamp":1690383264000},"page":"436-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Age-related outcomes of facial reanimation surgery using gracilis free functional muscle transfer innervated by the masseteric nerve: A retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Jakob B.W.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6834-5150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicitas","family":"Spuerck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janick","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8122-9063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Zeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen U.","family":"Eisenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib1","article-title":"Combination of static and dynamic techniques for smile reconstruction in patients with flaccid facial paralysis","volume":"7","author":"Kiefer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000860","article-title":"The degree of facial movement following microvascular muscle transfer in pediatric facial reanimation depends on donor motor nerve axonal density","volume":"135","author":"Snyder-Warwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004329","article-title":"Facial reanimation in the seventh and eighth decades of life","volume":"141","author":"Hembd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30481","article-title":"Impact of increasing age on functioning free muscle transplantation for facial palsy reconstruction","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(80)90013-2","article-title":"Cross-facial nerve grafts and microneurovascular free muscle transfer for long established facial palsy","volume":"33","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002897","article-title":"Facial nerve axonal analysis and anatomical localization in donor nerve: optimizing axonal load for cross-facial nerve grafting in facial reanimation","volume":"139","author":"Hembd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2008.01.008","article-title":"A comparison of one- versus two-stage surgery in an experimental model of functional muscle transfer with interposed nerve grafting","volume":"62","author":"Urso-Baiarda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30896","article-title":"Age-related outcome of facial reanimation surgery using cross face nerve graft and gracilis free functional muscle transfer-a retrospective cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Weiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197602000-00001","article-title":"Free gracilis muscle transplantation, with microneurovascular anastomoses for the TREATMENt of facial paralysis. A preliminary report","volume":"57","author":"Harii","year":"1976","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318290f8cd","article-title":"One-stage procedure using spinal accessory nerve (XI)-innervated free muscle for facial paralysis reconstruction","volume":"132","author":"Chuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000005871","article-title":"Using the \u201csugarcane chewing\u201d concept as the directionality of motor neurotizer selection for facial paralysis reconstruction: chang gung experiences","volume":"144","author":"Chuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000218798.95027.21","article-title":"A Comparison of commissure excursion following gracilis muscle transplantation for facial paralysis using a cross-face nerve graft versus the motor nerve to the masseter nerve","volume":"117","author":"Bae","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib13","first-page":"223","article-title":"Comparison of cross face nerve graft with masseteric nerve as donor nerves for free functional muscle transfers in facial reanimation surgery","volume":"45","author":"Eisenhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2019.1090","article-title":"Spontaneity assessment in dually innervated gracilis smile reanimation surgery","volume":"21","author":"Dusseldorp","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318290f644","article-title":"Involuntary movement during mastication in patients with long-term facial paralysis reanimated with a partial gracilis free neuromuscular flap innervated by the masseteric nerve","volume":"132","author":"Rozen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2018.11.011","article-title":"Preoperative masseter muscle EMG activation during smile predicts synchronicity of smile development in facial palsy patients undergoing reanimation with the masseter nerve: a prospective cohort","volume":"72","author":"Lenz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2016.12.005","article-title":"Analysis of the ideal muscle weight of gracilis muscle transplants for facial reanimation surgery with regard to the donor nerve and outcome","volume":"70","author":"Braig","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"97","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/52386-v","article-title":"Single-stage dynamic reanimation of the smile in irreversible facial paralysis by free functional muscle transfer","volume":"97","author":"Thiele","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2018.0030","article-title":"A machine learning approach for automated facial measurements in facial palsy","volume":"20","author":"Guarin","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e318295dec2","article-title":"Facial paralysis grading system: a new and simple smile excursion score for evaluating facial reanimation surgery","volume":"74","author":"Tzou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200103000-00005","article-title":"Validation of a patient-graded instrument for facial nerve paralysis: the FaCE scale","volume":"111","author":"Kahn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib22","first-page":"163","article-title":"Facial disability index and facial clinimetric evaluation scale: validation of the german versions","volume":"94","author":"Volk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2014.163","article-title":"Salvage procedures after failed facial reanimation surgery using the masseteric nerve as the motor nerve for free functional gracilis muscle transfer","volume":"16","author":"Eisenhardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2021.0332","article-title":"An analysis of the implantable doppler probe for postoperative free-flap monitoring and risk factor analysis for revision surgery in facial reanimation surgery","volume":"24","author":"Horner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199806000-00001","article-title":"Neurovascular free muscle transfer combined with cross-face nerve grafting for the treatment of facial paralysis in children","volume":"101","author":"Ueda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.0065","article-title":"Powering the gracilis for facial reanimation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes based on donor nerve","volume":"146","author":"Vila","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.05.027","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of the use of gracilis muscle for dynamic smile restoration in facial paralysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0292","article-title":"Free functional gracilis flaps for facial reanimation in elderly patients","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000375531.77489.79","article-title":"Outcomes of microneurovascular facial reanimation using masseteric innervation in patients with long-standing facial palsy resulting from cured brainstem lesions","volume":"67","author":"Krishnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051282","article-title":"Reanimation of the smile with neuro-vascular anastomosed gracilis muscle: a case series","volume":"12","author":"Abing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp; Aesthetic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1748681523004540?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1748681523004540?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T20:51:58Z","timestamp":1761684718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1748681523004540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S1748681523004540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-6815"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-6815","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Age-related outcomes of facial reanimation surgery using gracilis free functional muscle transfer innervated by the masseteric nerve: A retrospective cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.045","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}