{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:16:06Z","timestamp":1792034166454,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jprasurg.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T16:29:23Z","timestamp":1769790563000},"page":"273-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Outbound cosmetic tourism from the United Kingdom: Patient experiences following a decade of complication management at a tertiary plastic surgery unit"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0271-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore","family":"Pezas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8471-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Oregi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsaki","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3273-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Nugent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maleeha","family":"Mughal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Roblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pari-Naz","family":"Mohanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib1","unstructured":"Forbes. Cosmetic tourism index: the most popular locations for treatments worldwide. \u3008https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/uk\/advisor\/travel-insurance\/cosmetic-procedures-worldwide\u3009 [Accessed 1st October 2024]."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.11.013","article-title":"Cosmetic tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic: Dealing with the aftermath","volume":"75","author":"Varma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.08.128","article-title":"Cosmetic tourism amidst the Covid-19 global pandemic","volume":"74","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsbull.2024.109","article-title":"Health tourism: cosmetic surgery: The key differences in cosmetic surgery in the UK and overseas, and what to be aware of when considering a procedure abroad","volume":"106","author":"Nugent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X10374104","article-title":"Cosmetic tourism: Public opinion and analysis of information and content available on the Internet","volume":"30","author":"Nassab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2190\/HS.40.3.d","article-title":"Medical tourism\u201d and the global marketplace in health services: US patients, international hospitals, and the search for affordable health care","volume":"40","author":"Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib7","series-title":"ASA ruling on Erdem clinic","author":"Advertising Standards Authority","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib8","series-title":"ASA ruling on Ersoy Health Services Tourism Ltd t\/a ClinicHaus Health","author":"Advertising Standards Authority","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003683","article-title":"Complications of medical tourism in aesthetic surgery: A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Alkaelani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib10","unstructured":"BAAPS. BAAPS call for action as audit reveals 44% rise in botched cosmetic surgery from abroad; 2022. Available: \u3008https:\/\/baaps.org.uk\/media\/press_releases\/1859\/baaps_call_for_action_as_audit_reveals_44_rise_in_botched_cosmetic_surgery_from_abroad\/\u3009 [Accessed 3rd June 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib11","unstructured":"BAAPS cosmetic tourism guidelines; 2023. \u3008https:\/\/baaps.org.uk\/_userfiles\/pages\/files\/baaps_cosmetic_tourism_guidelines_sept_23.pdf\u3009 [Accessed 3rd June 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib12","unstructured":"BAAPS for practitioners - cosmetic tourism complications; 2024. \u3008https:\/\/baaps.org.uk\/for_practitioners_-_cosmetic_tourism_complications_.aspx\u3009 [Accessed 3rd June 2025]."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib13","article-title":"Complications of cosmetic surgery abroad\u2013cost analysis and patient perception","volume":"7","author":"Farid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjy338","article-title":"Surgical management of cosmetic surgery tourism-related complications: current trends and cost analysis study of the financial impact on the UK National Health Service (NHS)","volume":"39","author":"Thacoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-021-02183-w","article-title":"The ever-present costs of cosmetic surgery tourism: a 5-year observational study","volume":"45","author":"Henry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthet Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib16","article-title":"Aesthetic journeys: A review of cosmetic surgery tourism","volume":"25","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002081","article-title":"Cosmetic tourism in northern Ireland","volume":"83","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.01.017","article-title":"The rising NHS burden from cosmetic surgery procedures performed abroad and non-surgical procedures performed in the United Kingdom","volume":"102","author":"Whiteman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2008.10.002","article-title":"Cosmetic tourism and the burden on the NHS","volume":"61","author":"Jeevan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.03.030","article-title":"The complications of \u2018cosmetic tourism\u2019\u2013an avoidable burden on the NHS","volume":"60","author":"Birch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2010.01.017","article-title":"Medical tourism: Assessing the evidence on treatment abroad","volume":"66","author":"Lunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12147","article-title":"What do we know about medical tourism? A review of the literature with discussion of its implications for the UK National Health Service as an example of a public health care system","volume":"21","author":"Hanefeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2011.07.027","article-title":"The unwritten price of cosmetic tourism: an observational study and cost analysis","volume":"65","author":"Miyagi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2024.04.012","article-title":"The cost of cosmetic surgery tourism complications to the NHS: A retrospective analysis","volume":"22","author":"Roberts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.02.026","article-title":"The implications of cosmetic tourism on tertiary plastic surgery services; The need for a national reporting database","volume":"72","author":"Sadr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib26","unstructured":"BAAPS. BAAPS national audit 2022; 2023. Available: \u3008https:\/\/baaps.org.uk\/about\/news\/1872\/cosmetic_surgery_boom\/\u3009 [Accessed 13th July 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-019-01571-7","article-title":"Cosmetic tourism: A costly filler within the National Health Service budget or a missed financial opportunity? A local cost analysis and examination of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Asher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aesthet Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.10.135","article-title":"Managing complications following cosmetic surgery after the COVID pandemic: A study of a year at an NHS plastic surgery unit","volume":"88","author":"Dalmar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.11.053","article-title":"Response to \u201ccosmetic tourism amidst the Covid-19 global pandemic\u201d","volume":"75","author":"Bennett","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s10728-017-0339-5","article-title":"Cosmetic surgery: Regulatory challenges in a global beauty market","volume":"26","author":"Griffiths","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Care Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib31","unstructured":"BAPRAS. UK and Turkish Medical Associations unite to issue minimum guidelines for hair transplant surgery; 2023. Available: \u3008https:\/\/www.bapras.org.uk\/media-government\/news-and-views\/view\/uk-and-turkish-medical-associations-unite-to-issue-minimum-guidelines-for-hair-transplant-surgery\u3009 [Accessed 15th January 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib32","unstructured":"Benenden Hospital. Tummy tuck (abdominoplasty). Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.benendenhospital.org.uk\/treatments-services\/cosmetic-surgery-aesthetics\/tummy-tuck\/\u3009 [Accessed 13 Sept 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib33","unstructured":"NHS England. Tummy tuck (abdominoplasty); 2023. Available: \u3008https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/cosmetic-procedures\/cosmetic-surgery\/tummy-tuck\/#:\u223c:text=It%20can%20cost%20from%20about,consultations%20or%20follow%2Dup%20care\u3009 [Accessed 13th November 2024]."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2018.20.4.msoc3-1804","article-title":"Can plastic surgeons maintain professionalism within social media?","volume":"20","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2018","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1778","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjab203","article-title":"Photographic misrepresentation on Instagram after facial cosmetic surgery: is increased photography bias associated with greater user engagement?","volume":"41","author":"Vaca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib36","unstructured":"UK Government. Government works with TikTok to help safety for treatments abroad. GOV.UK; 2024. \u3008https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/government-works-with-tiktok-to-help-safety-for-treatments-abroad\u3009 [Accessed 13th September 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib37","unstructured":"BAAPS. BAAPS cosmetic tourism update; 2023. Available: \u3008https:\/\/baaps.org.uk\/about\/news\/1881\/baaps_cosmetic_tourism_update\/\u3009 [Accessed 13th December 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807","article-title":"Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods","volume":"9","author":"Althubaiti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/ksamuelson","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and declarative memory functioning: a review","volume":"13","author":"Samuelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialog Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/1468797614536335","article-title":"National healthcare rhetoric beyond the nation: The materiality of narrative in cosmetic surgery tourism","volume":"14","author":"Gimlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour Stud"}],"container-title":["Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1748681526000719?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1748681526000719?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:15:31Z","timestamp":1778080531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1748681526000719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S1748681526000719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-6815"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-6815","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Outbound cosmetic tourism from the United Kingdom: Patient experiences following a decade of complication management at a tertiary plastic surgery unit","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.01.035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}