{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:47:29Z","timestamp":1792468049343,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0058322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0058322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jprasurg.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp; Aesthetic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T15:11:27Z","timestamp":1777129887000},"page":"277-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Postoperative complications after subpectoral versus prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction: A target trial emulation study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Astrid M.B.","family":"Drej\u00f8e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla F.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria O.","family":"Snog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda R.","family":"Gudjonsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik E.F.","family":"Bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline B.G.","family":"Norlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisbet R.","family":"H\u00f6lmich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2662-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicco","family":"Krezdorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vester-Glowinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3851-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde N.","family":"Hemmingsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"\u00d8rholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads G.","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim K.","family":"Weltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5866-1173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikkel","family":"Herly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002415","article-title":"Tissue expander-based breast reconstruction in the prepectoral versus subpectoral plane: an analysis of short-term outcomes","volume":"86","author":"Kraenzlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607E","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008892","article-title":"Prepectoral and subpectoral tissue expander-based breast reconstruction: a propensity-matched analysis of 90-day clinical and health-related quality-of-life outcomes","volume":"149","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.12.009","article-title":"Decreased postoperative pain and opioid use following prepectoral versus subpectoral breast reconstruction after mastectomy: a retrospective cohort study: pain after pre- versus subpectoral reconstruction","volume":"74","author":"Bozzuto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002190","article-title":"Prepectoral versus subpectoral implant-based breast reconstruction: a meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-24-45","article-title":"Comparing outcomes of prepectoral, partial muscle-splitting subpectoral, and dual-plane subpectoral direct-to-implant reconstruction: implant upward migration and the pectoralis muscle","volume":"13","author":"Min","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003271","article-title":"Prepectoral breast reconstruction reduces opioid consumption and pain after mastectomy: a head-to-head comparison with submuscular reconstruction","volume":"89","author":"Holland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjad145","article-title":"Comparison of complication rates between subpectoral vs prepectoral techniques in prosthetic breast reconstruction","volume":"43","author":"Hung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib8","article-title":"A single-center comparison of surgical outcomes following prepectoral and subpectoral implant based breast reconstruction","volume":"12","author":"Villanueva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob\u00a0Open"},{"issue":"05","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1756337","article-title":"Evaluation of breast animation deformity following pre-and subpectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Dyrberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Plast Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045239","article-title":"Prepectoral versus subpectoral implant-based breast reconstruction after skin-sparing mastectomy or nipple-sparing mastectomy (OPBC-02\/ PREPEC): a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised, superiority trial","volume":"11","author":"Kappos","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174223","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes following prepectoral and subpectoral implants for breast reconstruction: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"M\u00e9gevand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.04.040","article-title":"Go Pre or stay sub? Immediate implant-based breast reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"St\u00f8rling","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16061129","article-title":"Postoperative outcomes of pre-pectoral versus sub-pectoral implant immediate breast reconstruction","volume":"16","author":"Houvenaeghel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000152","article-title":"Target trial emulation to improve causal inference from observational data: what, why, and how?","volume":"34","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research","volume":"10","author":"Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib16","unstructured":"Obesity and overweight. \u3008https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight\u3009. [Accessed October 21, 2025]."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab158","article-title":"An introduction to inverse probability of treatment weighting in observational research","volume":"15","author":"Chesnaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-022-09564-6","article-title":"On logistic regression with right censored data, with or without competing risks, and its use for estimating treatment effects","volume":"29","author":"Blanche","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lifetime Data Anal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.11.067","article-title":"Hematoma and deep surgical site infection following primary breast augmentation: a retrospective review of 1128 patients","volume":"75","author":"Hemmingsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009293","article-title":"How to report data on bilateral procedures and other issues with clustered data: the CLUDA reporting guidelines","volume":"150","author":"Hemmingsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010869","article-title":"Antibiotic implant irrigation and deep infection: a retrospective study of 1508 patients undergoing breast reconstruction with implants","volume":"154","author":"Hemmingsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.02.046","article-title":"Limited impact of body mass index on the risk of postoperative complications after implant-based breast reconstruction: a retrospective cohort study of 1847 patients","volume":"104","author":"Weltz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tranexamic acid and the risk of hematoma and seroma following implant-based breast reconstruction: a retrospective study of 1782 patients","volume":"00","author":"Norlin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2024.05.018","article-title":"Breast reconstruction with mentor anatomical implants and the risk of implant rotation: a retrospective study of 1134 women","volume":"94","author":"Kullab","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib25","article-title":"Critical evaluation of risk factors of infection following 2-stage implant-based breast reconstruction","volume":"5","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib26","first-page":"263","author":"Mirhaidari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann\u00a0Plast\u00a0Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000523","article-title":"The impact of postmastectomy radiotherapy on two-stage implant breast reconstruction: an analysis of long-term surgical outcomes, aesthetic results, and satisfaction over 13 years","volume":"134","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001278","article-title":"What is the optimum timing of postmastectomy radiotherapy in two-stage prosthetic reconstruction: radiation to the tissue expander or permanent implant?","volume":"135","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04096-w","article-title":"Complications after prepectoral versus subpectoral breast reconstruction in patients receiving postmastectomy radiation therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthet Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib30","first-page":"273","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in prepectoral versus subpectoral two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy","volume":"152","author":"Alcon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast\u00a0Reconstr\u00a0Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002028","article-title":"Single-stage direct-to-implant breast reconstruction: a comparison between subpectoral versus prepectoral implant placement","volume":"84","author":"Manrique","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001749","article-title":"A systematic review and head-to-head meta-analysis of outcomes following direct-to-implant versus conventional two-stage implant reconstruction","volume":"136","author":"Basta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30668-4","article-title":"Two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction compared with immediate one-stage implant-based breast reconstruction augmented with an acellular dermal matrix: an open-label, phase 4, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Dikmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2017.02.028","article-title":"A systematic review of complications associated with direct implants vs. tissue expanders following Wise pattern skin-sparing mastectomy","volume":"70","author":"Corban","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp; Aesthetic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S174868152600241X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S174868152600241X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T06:55:32Z","timestamp":1783148132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S174868152600241X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S174868152600241X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-6815"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-6815","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Postoperative complications after subpectoral versus prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction: A target trial emulation study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2026.04.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}