{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:40:03Z","timestamp":1790397603932,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blood Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T11:31:16Z","timestamp":1589542276000},"page":"100707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Weathering the COVID-19 storm: Lessons from hematologic cytokine syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"James T.","family":"England","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alym","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes Y.Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan L.","family":"Hoiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl L.","family":"Wellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mypinder","family":"Sekhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Shojania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke Y.C.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0010","series-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the new York City area","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0035","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study","volume":"368","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0050","article-title":"Correlation analysis between disease severity and inflammation-related parameters in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200334","article-title":"The Rheumatologist\u2019s role in Covid-19","volume":"47","author":"Cron","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0060","series-title":"Guidelines for management of COVID-19","author":"Gulick","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0065","series-title":"NIH clinical trial shows remdesivir accelerates recovery from advanced COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9","article-title":"Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41285","article-title":"On the alert for cytokine storm: immunopathology in COVID-19","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100062","article-title":"The advent of the cytokine storm","volume":"85","author":"Clark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0085","first-page":"1216","article-title":"Cytokine storm of graft-versus-host disease: a critical effector role for interleukin-1","volume":"25","author":"Ferrara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05015-11","article-title":"Into the eye of the cytokine storm","volume":"76","author":"Tisoncik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20255","article-title":"An interferon-\u03b3-related cytokine storm in SARS patients","volume":"75","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0100","series-title":"Cytokine storm syndrome","author":"Cron","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063842","article-title":"Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412","volume":"355","author":"Suntharalingam","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0028","article-title":"FDA approval summary: tocilizumab for treatment of chimeric antigen receptor T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06059-6","article-title":"Facing COVID-19 in ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation","author":"Leisman DDCaL, M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2018894618","article-title":"Recommendations for the management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults","volume":"133","author":"La Ros\u00e9e","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15274","article-title":"How i treat primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"182","author":"Marsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-788349","article-title":"Confirmed efficacy of etoposide and dexamethasone in HLH treatment: long-term results of the cooperative HLH-2004 study","volume":"130","author":"Bergsten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-017-2993-y","article-title":"Clinical utility of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in hemophagocytic syndromes: a systematic scoping review","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38690","article-title":"Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Fardet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2016.05.001","article-title":"Hemophagocytic syndromes (HPSs) including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in adults: a systematic scoping review","volume":"30","author":"Hayden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0150","first-page":"517","article-title":"Post-transfusion hemophagocytosis without hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"3","author":"McGinnis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S46255","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: review of etiologies and management","volume":"5","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Blood Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000931","article-title":"Overview of Castleman disease","volume":"135","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-746933","article-title":"International, evidence-based consensus diagnostic criteria for HHV-8\u2013negative\/idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"129","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(16)00006-5","article-title":"Idiopathic multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease: a systematic literature review","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15019","article-title":"The full spectrum of Castleman disease: 273 patients studied over 20 years","volume":"180","author":"Oksenhendler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707447","article-title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T-cell therapy in refractory large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"377","author":"Neelapu","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15644","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity after CD 19 chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR-) T cell therapy","volume":"183","author":"Hay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-793141","article-title":"Kinetics and biomarkers of severe cytokine release syndrome after CD19 chimeric antigen receptor\u2013modified T-cell therapy","volume":"130","author":"Hay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0698","article-title":"Endothelial activation and blood\u2013brain barrier disruption in neurotoxicity after adoptive immunotherapy with CD19 CAR-T cells","volume":"7","author":"Gust","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709866","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"378","author":"Maude","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-05-552729","article-title":"Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.12.758","article-title":"ASTCT consensus grading for cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicity associated with immune effector cells","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0220","series-title":"Report of the who-china joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0225","article-title":"Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12837","article-title":"Interplay between fibrinolysis and complement: plasmin cleavage of iC 3b modulates immune responses","volume":"13","author":"Foley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31094-1","article-title":"Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Riphagen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.027","article-title":"Plasma IP-10 and MCP-3 levels are highly associated with disease severity and predict the progression of COVID-19","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0245","article-title":"Immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia","author":"McGonagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3089","article-title":"An activating NLRC4 inflammasome mutation causes autoinflammation with recurrent macrophage activation syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Canna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0255","first-page":"1","article-title":"Macrophage activation syndrome associated with adult-onset Still\u2019s disease: a multicenter retrospective analysis","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000761","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of ruxolitinib in murine models of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"134","author":"Albeituni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1 Supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42.17","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.200.Supp.42.17","article-title":"Suppression of CD8+ T cell and neutrophil function distinguishes Ruxolitinib treatment from IFN\u03b3 neutralization in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"200","author":"Albeituni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-120810","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of emapalumab in pediatric patients with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"132","author":"Locatelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019002792","article-title":"Increased mTOR activation in idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"135","author":"Arenas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0036-4","article-title":"Monocyte-derived IL-1 and IL-6 are differentially required for cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity due to CAR T cells","volume":"24","author":"Norelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0040","article-title":"Identification of predictive biomarkers for cytokine release syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"6","author":"Teachey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0041-7","article-title":"CAR T cell\u2013induced cytokine release syndrome is mediated by macrophages and abated by IL-1 blockade","volume":"24","author":"Giavridis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-08-802413","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome associated with chimeric-antigen receptor T-cell therapy: clinicopathological insights","volume":"130","author":"Obstfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.01.007","article-title":"Dysregulated Type I interferon and inflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses cause lethal pneumonia in SARS-CoV-infected mice","volume":"2","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0305","article-title":"The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly decimates human spleens and lymph nodes","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-911X(199705)28:5<342::AID-MPO3>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"HLH-94: a treatment protocol for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. HLH study Group of the Histiocyte Society","volume":"28","author":"Henter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Pediatr Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4577","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-06-356261","article-title":"Chemoimmunotherapy for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: long-term results of the HLH-94 treatment protocol","volume":"118","author":"Trottestam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-884577","article-title":"Phase 2 study using oral thalidomide-cyclophosphamide-prednisone for idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","article-title":"Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2020.1022","article-title":"Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19\u2014a systematic review of current evidence","volume":"14","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.07.006","article-title":"Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on plasma SARS-associated coronavirus RNA concentrations in adult patients","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911326","article-title":"Emapalumab in children with primary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"382","author":"Locatelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018025858","article-title":"Treatment of refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with emapalumab despite severe concurrent infections","volume":"3","author":"Lounder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70319-5","article-title":"Siltuximab for multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Van Rhee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-155846","article-title":"Mechanisms and pathologic significances in increase in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor after administration of an anti\u2013IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Castleman disease","volume":"112","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215134","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor\u2013modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia","volume":"368","author":"Grupp","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25801","article-title":"Tocilizumab treatment in COVID-19: a single center experience","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001907","article-title":"First case of COVID-19 in a patient with multiple myeloma successfully treated with tocilizumab","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.03.010","article-title":"Favorable changes of CT findings in a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia after treatment with tocilizumab","volume":"101","author":"Cellina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25833","article-title":"Rapid and severe Covid-19 pneumonia with severe acute chest syndrome in a sickle cell patient successfully treated with tocilizumab","author":"De Luna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217442","article-title":"COVID-19 in a patient with systemic sclerosis treated with tocilizumab for SSc-ILD","volume":"79","author":"Mihai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0400","article-title":"Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: a single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy","volume":"102568","author":"Toniati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0405","series-title":"Tocilizumab improves significantly clinical outcomes of patients with moderate or severe COVID-19 pneumonia","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0410","article-title":"New therapeutic opportunities for COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab: possible correlation of interleukin-6 receptor inhibitors with osteonecrosis of the jaws","volume":"104659","author":"Bennardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R141","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3455","article-title":"Integrated safety in tocilizumab clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Schiff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25907","article-title":"Letter to the editor: acute hypertriglyceridemia in patients with COVID-19 receiving tocilizumab","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102564","article-title":"Tocilizumab for cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19 pneumonia: an increased risk for candidemia?","author":"Antinori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.024","article-title":"Use of tocilizumab for COVID-19 infection-induced cytokine release syndrome: a cautionary case report","author":"Radbel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.06.008","article-title":"Unfractionated heparin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response through blocking p38 MAPK and NF-\u03baB activation on endothelial cell","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.10.003","article-title":"Heparin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase and TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"129","author":"Mu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5671","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.10.5671","article-title":"Characterization of the heparin-binding properties of IL-6","volume":"165","author":"Mummery","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0450","article-title":"The potential of low molecular weight heparin to mitigate cytokine storm in severe covid-19 patients: a retrospective clinical study","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066617711386","article-title":"Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist anakinra, intravenous immunoglobulin, and corticosteroids in the management of critically ill adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"34","author":"Wohlfarth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41103","article-title":"Benefit of anakinra in treating pediatric secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"72","author":"Eloseily","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30096-5","article-title":"Silencing the cytokine storm: the use of intravenous anakinra in haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or macrophage activation syndrome","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30127-2","article-title":"Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study","author":"Cavalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5430","article-title":"Etanercept-induced lupus accompanied by hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Araki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.5687","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with infliximab","volume":"51","author":"Oda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0485","first-page":"623","article-title":"Macrophage activation syndrome and etanercept in children with systemic","volume":"31","author":"Sawar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-051113-024537","article-title":"The JAK-STAT pathway: impact on human disease and therapeutic intervention","volume":"66","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017007526","article-title":"Ruxolitinib for treatment of refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"1","author":"Broglie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hemonc.2017.07.002","article-title":"Ruxolitinib for secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: first case report","volume":"12","author":"Sin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0505","first-page":"1","article-title":"Salvage therapy with dose-escalating ruxolitinib as a bridge to allogeneic stem cell transplantation for refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(19)30156-5","article-title":"Ruxolitinib in adult patients with secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an open-label, single-Centre, pilot trial","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126091","article-title":"Identifying and targeting pathogenic PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling in IL-6 blockade\u2013refractory idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"129","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30304-4","article-title":"Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease","volume":"395","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40841","article-title":"Cardiovascular safety during treatment with baricitinib in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"71","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0530","article-title":"Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: a pilot study on safety and clinical impact","author":"Cantini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017012310","article-title":"Soluble interleukin-2 receptor is a sensitive diagnostic test in adult HLH","volume":"1","author":"Hayden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11048","article-title":"Ferritin to erythrocyte sedimentation rate ratio: simple measure to identify macrophage activation syndrome in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"1","author":"Eloseily","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-011-1239-7","article-title":"Possible prediction of underlying lymphoma by high sIL-2R\/ferritin ratio in hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Tabata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24242","article-title":"Clinicopathologic analysis of TAFRO syndrome demonstrates a distinct subtype of HHV-8-negative multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"91","author":"Iwaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0555","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.11.046","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a specific cytokine pattern in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children","volume":"160","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102538","article-title":"Hemophagocytosis causes a consumptive anemia of inflammation","volume":"208","author":"Zoller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-019-0309-6","article-title":"Calm in the midst of cytokine storm: a collaborative approach to the diagnosis and treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Halyabar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003405","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of Castleman disease\u2013associated neuropathy","volume":"87","author":"Naddaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1198","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1198","article-title":"Covid-19: risk factors for severe disease and death","volume":"368","author":"Jordan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11135","article-title":"Continuous intravenous Anakinra infusion to calm the cytokine storm in macrophage activation syndrome","author":"Monteagudo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-11-748855","article-title":"Clinical and pathological characteristics of HIV-and HHV-8\u2013negative Castleman disease","volume":"129","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0595","first-page":"1","article-title":"A case of novel coronavirus disease 19 in a chronic hemodialysis patient presenting with gastroenteritis and developing severe pulmonary disease","author":"Ferrey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0600","article-title":"Interleukin-6 use in COVID-19 pneumonia related macrophage activation syndrome","volume":"102537","author":"McGonagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30858-8","article-title":"Trials of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy for COVID-19 are urgently needed","author":"Feldmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30132-8","article-title":"COVID-19: combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments","volume":"20","author":"Stebbing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0615","series-title":"High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for deteriorating patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Open forum infectious diseases","author":"Cao","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.04.034","article-title":"Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in adults: a retrospective analysis of 162 patients","volume":"127","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-013-1925-8","article-title":"A high sIL-2R\/ferritin ratio is a useful marker for the diagnosis of lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Tsuji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-08-519959","article-title":"Human and viral interleukin-6 and other cytokines in Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-associated multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"122","author":"Polizzotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Blood Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0268960X20300576?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0268960X20300576?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T20:28:16Z","timestamp":1759436896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0268960X20300576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["S0268960X20300576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-960X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-960X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Weathering the COVID-19 storm: Lessons from hematologic cytokine syndromes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blood Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100707","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100707"}}