{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:59:47Z","timestamp":1792605587157,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blood Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T02:06:56Z","timestamp":1626919616000},"page":"100869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Smoldering multiple myeloma \u2013 Past, present, and future"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Hashim","family":"Mann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vatsala","family":"Katiyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond L.","family":"Comenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198006123022405","article-title":"Smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"302","author":"Kyle","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V56.3.521.521","article-title":"Localized and indolent myeloma","volume":"56","author":"Alexanian","year":"1980","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04355.x","article-title":"Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the international myeloma working group","volume":"121","author":"International Myeloma Working G","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.60","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management","volume":"24","author":"Kyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","article-title":"International myeloma working group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196304112681504","article-title":"Smoldering acute leukemia","volume":"268","author":"Rheingold","year":"1963","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1971.00310170118016","article-title":"Smoldering acute leukemia. Clinical and cytogenetic studies in six patients","volume":"127","author":"Knospe","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V62.1.166.166","article-title":"Clinical, morphological, and cell kinetic differences among multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"62","author":"Greipp","year":"1983","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380090051014","article-title":"Prognosis of asymptomatic multiple myeloma","volume":"148","author":"Alexanian","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1991.tb01857.x","article-title":"Incidence and follow-up of asymptomatic multiple myeloma. The myeloma project of health region I in Norway. II","volume":"47","author":"Wisloff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90120-E","article-title":"Risk of disease progression in asymptomatic multiple myeloma","volume":"94","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830480201","article-title":"Prognostic factors in low tumour mass asymptomatic multiple myeloma: a report on 91 patients. The Groupe d\u2019Etudes et de Recherche sur le Myelome (GERM)","volume":"48","author":"Facon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1997.1122939.x","article-title":"Prognostic features of asymptomatic multiple myeloma","volume":"97","author":"Weber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.6.2037","article-title":"Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and asymptomatic multiple myeloma","volume":"96","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.6.1625","article-title":"Prognostic factors for malignant transformation in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"20","author":"Cesana","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04654.x","article-title":"Smoldering multiple myeloma: natural history and recognition of an evolving type","volume":"123","author":"Rosinol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070389","article-title":"Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma","volume":"356","author":"Kyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-08-108357","article-title":"Immunoglobulin free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma","volume":"111","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-05-088443","article-title":"New criteria to identify risk of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance and smoldering multiple myeloma based on multiparameter flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow plasma cells","volume":"110","author":"Perez-Persona","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.5356","article-title":"Prognostic significance of focal lesions in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma","volume":"28","author":"Hillengass","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1106428","article-title":"Diagnosis of smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"365","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.309","article-title":"Extensive bone marrow infiltration and abnormal free light chain ratio identifies patients with asymptomatic myeloma at high risk for progression to symptomatic disease","volume":"27","author":"Kastritis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.296","article-title":"Serum free light chain ratio as a biomarker for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Larsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.230","article-title":"The prognostic importance of the presence of more than one focal lesion in spine MRI of patients with asymptomatic (smoldering) multiple myeloma","volume":"28","author":"Kastritis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1310911","article-title":"Treatment for high-risk smoldering myeloma","volume":"369","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.178103","article-title":"Outcome and survival of myeloma patients diagnosed 2008-2015. Real-world data on 4904 patients from the Swedish myeloma registry","volume":"103","author":"Blimark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2016.100","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and survival of smoldering multiple myeloma in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Ravindran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0140","series-title":"Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma and Leukemia","article-title":"Risk of progression across age and race for patients with smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"19","author":"Vuyyala","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0018-y","article-title":"The multiple myelomas - current concepts in cytogenetic classification and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-020-02829-6","article-title":"Molecular basis of clonal evolution in multiple myeloma","volume":"111","author":"Furukawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-3115","article-title":"From MGUS to multiple myeloma, a paradigm for clonal evolution of premalignant cells","volume":"78","author":"van Nieuwenhuijzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-06-650242","article-title":"Understanding the role of hyperdiploidy in myeloma prognosis: which trisomies really matter?","volume":"126","author":"Chretien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-02-0493","article-title":"The recurrent IgH translocations are highly associated with nonhyperdiploid variant multiple myeloma","volume":"102","author":"Fonseca","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldu041","article-title":"Genetics in myeloma: genetic technologies and their application to screening approaches in myeloma","volume":"113","author":"Talley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09837","article-title":"Initial genome sequencing and analysis of multiple myeloma","volume":"471","author":"Chapman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3997","article-title":"Heterogeneity of genomic evolution and mutational profiles in multiple myeloma","volume":"5","author":"Bolli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0037-9","article-title":"Analysis of the genomic landscape of multiple myeloma highlights novel prognostic markers and disease subgroups","volume":"32","author":"Bolli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5412","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-12-194241","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently precedes multiple myeloma: a prospective study","volume":"113","author":"Landgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5418","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-12-195008","article-title":"A monoclonal gammopathy precedes multiple myeloma in most patients","volume":"113","author":"Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-01-405985","article-title":"Clonal competition with alternating dominance in multiple myeloma","volume":"120","author":"Keats","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-412981","article-title":"Intraclonal heterogeneity and distinct molecular mechanisms characterize the development of t(4;14) and t(11;14) myeloma","volume":"120","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2174\/157339471002141124121404","article-title":"Biological and clinical implications of clonal heterogeneity and clonal evolution in multiple myeloma","volume":"10","author":"Bianchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Cancer Ther Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-01-405977","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of multiple myeloma from diagnosis to plasma cell leukemia reveals genomic initiating events, evolution, and clonal tides","volume":"120","author":"Egan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.12.015","article-title":"Widespread genetic heterogeneity in multiple myeloma: implications for targeted therapy","volume":"25","author":"Lohr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.199","article-title":"Intraclonal heterogeneity is a critical early event in the development of myeloma and precedes the development of clinical symptoms","volume":"28","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0634-2","article-title":"Cytogenetic subclone formation and evolution in progressive smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"34","author":"Merz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0206-x","article-title":"Subclonal evolution in disease progression from MGUS\/SMM to multiple myeloma is characterised by clonal stability","volume":"33","author":"Dutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05058-y","article-title":"Genomic patterns of progression in smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Bolli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6997","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7997","article-title":"APOBEC family mutational signatures are associated with poor prognosis translocations in multiple myeloma","volume":"6","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.345","article-title":"Biological and prognostic impact of APOBEC-induced mutations in the spectrum of plasma cell dyscrasias and multiple myeloma cell lines","volume":"32","author":"Maura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.00437","article-title":"Genomic profiling of smoldering multiple myeloma identifies patients at a high risk of disease progression","volume":"38","author":"Bustoros","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-018-0077-4","article-title":"Risk stratification of smoldering multiple myeloma incorporating revised IMWG diagnostic criteria","volume":"8","author":"Lakshman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-03-632919","article-title":"Prospective analysis of antigen-specific immunity, stem-cell antigens, and immune checkpoints in monoclonal gammopathy","volume":"126","author":"Dhodapkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-2111","article-title":"How to train your T cells: overcoming immune dysfunction in multiple myeloma","volume":"26","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-020-00350-x","article-title":"Immune-based therapies in the management of multiple myeloma","volume":"10","author":"Zanwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006540","article-title":"Cancer immunoediting and immune dysregulation in multiple myeloma","volume":"136","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(14)70001-8","article-title":"Clinical course of light-chain smouldering multiple myeloma (idiopathic Bence Jones proteinuria): a retrospective cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Kyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.237","article-title":"High levels of peripheral blood circulating plasma cells as a specific risk factor for progression of smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Bianchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.86","article-title":"Impact of primary molecular cytogenetic abnormalities and risk of progression in smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.48.4923","article-title":"Progression in smoldering myeloma is independently determined by the chromosomal abnormalities del(17p), t(4;14), gain 1q, hyperdiploidy, and tumor load","volume":"31","author":"Neben","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-020-00366-3","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group risk stratification model for smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM)","volume":"10","author":"Mateos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2013.764419","article-title":"Modeling progression risk for smoldering multiple myeloma: results from a prospective clinical study","volume":"54","author":"Cherry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.5585","article-title":"Assessment of discordance among smoldering multiple myeloma risk models","volume":"7","author":"Hill","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-07-515239","article-title":"Clinical, genomic, and imaging predictors of myeloma progression from asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies (SWOG S0120)","volume":"123","author":"Dhodapkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-038430","article-title":"A validated gene expression model of high-risk multiple myeloma is defined by deregulated expression of genes mapping to chromosome 1","volume":"109","author":"Shaughnessy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22140-0","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing reveals progressive versus stable myeloma precursor conditions as two distinct entities","volume":"12","author":"Oben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.128","article-title":"SNP-based mapping arrays reveal high genomic complexity in monoclonal gammopathies, from MGUS to myeloma status","volume":"26","author":"Lopez-Corral","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-1066","article-title":"The progression from MGUS to smoldering myeloma and eventually to multiple myeloma involves a clonal expansion of genetically abnormal plasma cells","volume":"17","author":"Lopez-Corral","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2017.19","article-title":"Mutational landscape reflects the biological continuum of plasma cell dyscrasias","volume":"7","author":"Rossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.163766","article-title":"The spectrum of somatic mutations in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance indicates a less complex genomic landscape than that in multiple myeloma","volume":"102","author":"Mikulasova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062387","article-title":"Frequent and specific immunity to the embryonal stem cell-associated antigen SOX2 in patients with monoclonal gammopathy","volume":"204","author":"Spisek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.102","article-title":"Proteomic characterization of human multiple myeloma bone marrow extracellular matrix","volume":"31","author":"Glavey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0365","first-page":"493","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals compromised immune microenvironment in precursor stages of multiple myeloma","volume":"1","author":"Zavidij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2007.08.007","article-title":"The role of the bone marrow microenvironment in the pathophysiology of myeloma and its significance in the development of more effective therapies","volume":"21","author":"Mitsiades","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2020.05.026","article-title":"Role of the bone marrow milieu in multiple myeloma progression and therapeutic resistance","volume":"20","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3816\/CLML.2010.n.053","article-title":"Smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: revisiting the clinical dilemma and looking into the future","volume":"10","author":"Waxman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2013.1.478","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma: biological insights and early treatment strategies","volume":"2013","author":"Landgren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2016.11.001","article-title":"High-risk smoldering myeloma: perspective on watchful monitoring","volume":"43","author":"Leng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-10-116129","article-title":"Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies","volume":"111","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.350","article-title":"New drugs and novel mechanisms of action in multiple myeloma in 2013: a report from the international myeloma working group (IMWG)","volume":"28","author":"Ocio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-017-0397-7","article-title":"Novel immunotherapies for multiple myeloma","volume":"12","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Hematol Malig Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15121","article-title":"Current use of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma","volume":"181","author":"Varga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300439","article-title":"Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"369","author":"Mateos","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30124-3","article-title":"Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone versus observation in patients with high-risk smouldering multiple myeloma (QuiRedex): long-term follow-up of a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"17","author":"Mateos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01740","article-title":"Randomized trial of Lenalidomide versus observation in smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"38","author":"Lonial","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30309-2","article-title":"International myeloma working group consensus recommendations on imaging in monoclonal plasma cell disorders","volume":"20","author":"Hillengass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0435","series-title":"Multiple Myeloma (Version 5.2021)","author":"Network NCC","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.72.6679","article-title":"Lenalidomide maintenance after autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"McCarthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30206-6","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group consensus criteria for response and minimal residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2014.107714","article-title":"Multiple myeloma and infections: a population-based study on 9253 multiple myeloma patients","volume":"100","author":"Blimark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08451-x","article-title":"Infection risks in multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials from 2015 to 2019","volume":"21","author":"Balmaceda","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-282848","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and risk of skeletal fractures: a population-based study","volume":"116","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017010454","article-title":"Bone disease in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: results from a screened population-based study","volume":"1","author":"Thorsteinsdottir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-10-435750","article-title":"Optimal use of bisphosphonates in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"121","author":"Terpos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30559-3","article-title":"Treatment of multiple myeloma-related bone disease: recommendations from the Bone Working Group of the International Myeloma Working Group","volume":"22","author":"Terpos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-151076","article-title":"Deep vein thrombosis after monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma","volume":"112","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2010.1.437","article-title":"Thrombosis in multiple myeloma","volume":"2010","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020005125","article-title":"Thrombosis in patients with myeloma treated in the myeloma IX and myeloma XI phase 3 randomized controlled trials","volume":"136","author":"Bradbury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070596","article-title":"Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma in North America","volume":"357","author":"Weber","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2008.07.003","article-title":"Lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"23","author":"Palumbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114138","article-title":"Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma","volume":"366","author":"Attal","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-06-858613","article-title":"Minimal residual disease negativity using deep sequencing is a major prognostic factor in multiple myeloma","volume":"132","author":"Perrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000241","article-title":"Bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone as induction therapy prior to autologous transplant in multiple myeloma","volume":"134","author":"Rosi\u00f1ol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007522","article-title":"Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone plus transplant in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma","volume":"136","author":"Jasielec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-020-0297-2","volume":"10","author":"Gavriatopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01814","article-title":"Evaluation of sustained minimal residual disease negativity with daratumumab-combination regimens in relapsed and\/or refractory multiple Myeloma: analysis of POLLUX and CASTOR","volume":"39","author":"Avet-Loiseau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-126378","article-title":"Weekly Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, Dexamethasone and Daratumumab (wKRd-D) combination therapy provides unprecedented MRD negativity rates in newly diagnosed multiple Myeloma: A clinical and correlative phase 2 study","volume":"134","author":"Landgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-123170","volume":"134","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5988","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002827","article-title":"A large meta-analysis establishes the role of MRD negativity in long-term survival outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"4","author":"Munshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.2010","article-title":"Treatment with Carfilzomib-Lenalidomide-dexamethasone with Lenalidomide extension in patients with smoldering or newly diagnosed multiple myeloma","volume":"1","author":"Korde","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-128519","article-title":"Phase II trial of the combination of ixazomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in high-risk smoldering multiple Myeloma","volume":"134","author":"Bustoros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-125204","article-title":"Curative strategy (GEM-CESAR) for high-risk Smoldering Myeloma (SMM): Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone (KRd) as induction followed By HDT-ASCT, consolidation with Krd and maintenance with Rd","volume":"134","author":"Mateos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0718-z","article-title":"Daratumumab monotherapy for patients with intermediate-risk or high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma: a randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study (CENTAURUS)","volume":"34","author":"Landgren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017005934","article-title":"Baseline mutational patterns and sustained MRD negativity in patients with high-risk smoldering myeloma","volume":"1","author":"Mailankody","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-142584","article-title":"Aggressive smoldering curative approach evaluating novel therapies (ASCENT): a phase 2 trial of induction, consolidation and maintenance in subjects with high risk smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM): initial analysis of safety data","volume":"136","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0734-z","article-title":"B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) in multiple myeloma: rationale for targeting and current therapeutic approaches","volume":"34","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024850","article-title":"Idecabtagene vicleucel in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"384","author":"Munshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30525-8","article-title":"Venetoclax or placebo in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (BELLINI): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 trial","volume":"21","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-020-00397-w","article-title":"Venetoclax induces deep hematologic remissions in t(11;14) relapsed\/refractory AL amyloidosis","volume":"11","author":"Premkumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-142656","article-title":"Therapeutic activity of combining BCL-2 and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in systemic light-chain amyloidosis","volume":"136","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8607","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.8607","article-title":"Modeling the risk of progression in smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"32","author":"Waxman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12728","article-title":"Smoldering multiple myeloma risk factors for progression: a Danish population-based cohort study","volume":"97","author":"Sorrig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2016.65","article-title":"Evolving changes in disease biomarkers and risk of early progression in smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"6","author":"Ravi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8000","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.8000","article-title":"Updated risk stratification model for smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) incorporating the revised IMWG diagnostic criteria","volume":"37","author":"Miguel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Blood Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0268960X21000758?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0268960X21000758?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T20:25:30Z","timestamp":1759436730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0268960X21000758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":124,"alternative-id":["S0268960X21000758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-960X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-960X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Smoldering multiple myeloma \u2013 Past, present, and future","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blood Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100869","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100869"}}