{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:40:06Z","timestamp":1792586406055,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Body Image"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T09:48:55Z","timestamp":1780912135000},"page":"102135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Psychological and sociocultural patterns of cosmetic-procedure consideration: A machine-learning approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1576-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Akbari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Forootan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Tabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basad","family":"Barajeeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Prediction of body image concern based on self-objectification and rumination mediated by self-esteem in women seeking cosmetic surgery","volume":"21","author":"Abdollahi Nia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Psychological Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.10.004","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between appearance-contingent self-worth and self-esteem: The roles of self-objectification and appearance anxiety","volume":"23","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib3","series-title":"Categorical data analysis","author":"Agresti","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.02.003","article-title":"Running to win or to be thin? An evaluation of body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms among adult runners","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000160","article-title":"The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Andreassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1324092","article-title":"The association between use of social media and the development of body dysmorphic disorder and attitudes toward cosmetic surgeries: a national survey","volume":"12","author":"Ateq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.08.002","article-title":"Body dissatisfaction predicts poor behavioral weight loss treatment adherence in overweight Mexican American women","volume":"23","author":"Austin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.06.002","article-title":"The Body Appreciation Scale: Development and psychometric evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Avalos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-07424-8","article-title":"The effects of popularity perceptions and social appearance anxiety on the desire of young people to have aesthetic procedures on social media","volume":"44","author":"Ayar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"008","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721868","article-title":"Psychiatric assessment and management of clients undergoing cosmetic surgery: Overview and need for an integrated approach","volume":"54","author":"Bascarane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures","volume":"25","author":"Beaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib12","first-page":"8","article-title":"Self-esteem, self-objectification, appearance anxiety, resilience, and gender: Testing a moderated mediational analysis","volume":"54","author":"Behera","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Open Psychology Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib13","first-page":"360","article-title":"Relationship between socioeconomic factors and incidence of cosmetic surgery in Tehran, Iran","volume":"50","author":"Bidkhori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.04.010","article-title":"The cosmetic surgery paradox: Toward a contemporary understanding of cosmetic surgery popularisation and attitudes","volume":"38","author":"Bonell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213726","article-title":"Statistical modeling: The two cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author)","volume":"16","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.02.001","article-title":"Exploration, inference, and prediction in neuroscience and biomedicine","volume":"42","author":"Bzdok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"2-2023","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.51847\/Tb8nUxFOyU","article-title":"Sociological study of the influencing factors on the trend toward cosmetic surgery","volume":"14","author":"C\u0103i\u021b\u0103","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archives of Pharmacy Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib19","series-title":"Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention","author":"Cash","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.11.001","article-title":"Understanding cosmetic surgery consideration in Chinese adolescent girls: Contributions of materialism and sexual objectification","volume":"28","author":"Ching","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.10.003","article-title":"Body appreciation and attitudes toward menstruation","volume":"12","author":"Chrisler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib22","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Beyond body image: Youth, embodiment, and inequalities","volume":"4","author":"Coffey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Youth & Society Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008567","article-title":"The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences, body shame, and revision request rate in 218 plastic surgery patients: What drives postoperative dissatisfaction?","volume":"148","author":"Constantian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib24","article-title":"Aesthetic surgeries in body dysmorphic disorder: Clinical and gender-specific patterns","author":"Diele","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.12.002","article-title":"Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women\u2019s","volume":"13","author":"Fardouly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Body Image concerns Body Image"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684315581841","article-title":"The mediating role of appearance comparisons in the relationship between media usage and self-objectification in young women","volume":"39","author":"Fardouly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x","article-title":"Objectification theory: Toward understanding women\u2019s lived experiences and mental health risks","volume":"21","author":"Fredrickson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01","article-title":"Regularization paths for generalized linear models via coordinate descent","volume":"33","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.07.044","article-title":"Temporal satisfaction patterns in body image after aesthetic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Friedman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.03.013","article-title":"The psychosocial outcomes following cosmetic surgery are largely unknown: A systematic review","volume":"104","author":"Garbett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.872","article-title":"Prevalence of elective cosmetic surgery and its relationship with socioeconomic and mental health: A cross-sectional study in west of Iran","volume":"5","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Science Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(03)00154-5","article-title":"The role of media figures in adolescent development: Relations between autonomy, attachment, and interest in celebrities","volume":"36","author":"Giles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.06.008","article-title":"Body appreciation, interest in cosmetic enhancements, and need for uniqueness among US college students","volume":"22","author":"Gillen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpbs.113164","article-title":"Persian version of Social Appearance Anxiety Scale: A psychometric evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.06.005","article-title":"Instagram sexualization: When posts make you feel dissatisfied and wanting to change your body","volume":"39","author":"Guizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.05.009","article-title":"Predictors of suicidal ideation in older people: A decision tree analysis","volume":"22","author":"Handley","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191107306673","article-title":"Development and examination of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale","volume":"15","author":"Hart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib38","first-page":"65","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Body Appreciation Scale in an Iranian sample","volume":"4","author":"Hashemi Nejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib39","series-title":"The elements of statistical learning: Data mining, inference, and prediction","author":"Hastie","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.03.003","article-title":"Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: Scale development and validation","volume":"2","author":"Henderson-King","year":"2005","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.04.007","article-title":"Self-compassion moderates body comparison and appearance self-worth\u2019s inverse relationships with body appreciation","volume":"15","author":"Homan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-011-9231-8","article-title":"Detecting and deterring insufficient effort responding to surveys","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.29252\/wjps.9.2.186","article-title":"Role of attitude, body image, satisfaction and sociodemographic variables in cosmetic surgery intention among Iranian students","volume":"9","author":"Kasmaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-022-01987-6","article-title":"The effect of cosmetic surgery on self-esteem and body image: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trial studies","volume":"46","author":"Kazeminia","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Plastic Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib46","first-page":"282","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Persian short-form Self-Compassion Scale","volume":"21","author":"Khanjani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pajoohandeh Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820956368","article-title":"What do others\u2019 reactions to body posting on Instagram tell us? The effects of social media comments on viewers\u2019 body image perception","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172100489X","article-title":"A proof-of-concept study applying machine learning methods to putative risk factors for eating disorders: results from the multi-centre European project on healthy eating","volume":"53","author":"Krug","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1241952","article-title":"The relationship between personality traits and willingness to undergo cosmetic surgery in the non-clinical population\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"L\u0103z\u0103rescu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.01.013","article-title":"Examining the utility of nonlinear machine learning approaches versus linear regression for predicting body image outcomes: The U.S. Body Project I","volume":"41","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib51","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and Regression by randomForest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"R News"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.071","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the Persian Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale using classic test theory and Rasch models","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-014-0441-1","article-title":"Facebook involvement, objectified body consciousness, body shame, and sexual assertiveness in college women and men","volume":"72","author":"Manago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib55","first-page":"77","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Objectified Body Consciousness Scale","volume":"12","author":"Mansourinik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quarterly of Educational Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.06.003","article-title":"Why are men interested in cosmetic surgery procedures? Examining the role of different forms of peer influence, social comparison, internalization, and body dissatisfaction","volume":"26","author":"Matera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1348\/000712602162454","article-title":"Conceptualization and measurement of celebrity worship","volume":"93","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x","article-title":"The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Development and validation","volume":"20","author":"McKinley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028085","article-title":"Identifying careless responses in survey data","volume":"17","author":"Meade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12141396","article-title":"Body perceptions and psychological well-being: A review of the impact of social media and physical measurements on self-esteem and mental health with a focus on body image satisfaction and its relationship with cultural and gender factors","volume":"12","author":"Merino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04019-9","article-title":"Exploring the personality characteristics of rhinoplasty patients: Perfectionism, rumination, and self-compassion","volume":"48","author":"Mete","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plastic Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-021-09936-4","article-title":"The efficient assessment of self-esteem: Proposing the Brief Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale","volume":"17","author":"Monteiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Research in Quality of Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.3136","article-title":"The moralization of women\u2019s bodies","volume":"55","author":"Morgenroth","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-014-0384-6","article-title":"Social media effects on young women\u2019s body image concerns: Theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research","volume":"71","author":"Perloff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib65","first-page":"17","article-title":"A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: Development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale","volume":"33","author":"Phillips","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib66","first-page":"343","article-title":"Factor structure, validity and reliability of the modified Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder in students","volume":"15","author":"Rabiee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-011-0040-y","article-title":"The effect of self-compassion on the development of depression symptoms in a non-clinical sample","volume":"2","author":"Raes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib68","first-page":"615","article-title":"Self-esteem as a mediator: Exploring the link between social media addiction, psychopathology, and intentions to seek cosmetic consultations in women","volume":"10","author":"Reshadi Mohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hospital Practices and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2024.101701","article-title":"Sociocultural pressures and engagement with cosmetic products and procedures in adult women","volume":"49","author":"Rodgers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib70","first-page":"80","article-title":"Psychological and social aspects of eyebrow restoration: Aesthetic procedures as a component of post-trauma identity recovery","volume":"2","author":"Romaniuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Interdisciplinary Issues"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2139759","article-title":"Self-esteem only goes so far: the moderating effect of social media screen time on self-esteem and depressive symptoms","volume":"42","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000264","article-title":"The use of social networking sites, body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder: A review of psychological research","volume":"9","author":"Ryding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology of Popular Media Culture"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib74","first-page":"36","article-title":"Validation of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) for an Iranian population","volume":"4","author":"Sahebi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Psychology Iranian Psychologists"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2020.101438","article-title":"Validation of a Farsi version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (F-SATAQ-4) in Iranian men and women","volume":"39","author":"Sahlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eating Behaviors"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2022.04.098","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder in individuals requesting cosmetic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Salari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib77","first-page":"99","article-title":"Factors affecting patients undergoing cosmetic surgery in Bushehr, southern Iran","volume":"1","author":"Salehahmadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01353-4","article-title":"Social media use and roles of self-objectification, self-compassion and body image concerns: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Sarda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.01.009","article-title":"Body image, cosmetic surgery, and minimally invasive treatments","volume":"31","author":"Sarwer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22590","article-title":"Development and validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4-Revised (SATAQ-4R)","volume":"50","author":"Schaefer","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib81","first-page":"13","article-title":"Role of cognitive flexibility and emotional regulation problems in prediction of celebrity worship among university students","volume":"20","author":"Shabahang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology and Educational Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.61186\/hsm.3.1.11","article-title":"Study of the relationship between social anxiety of negative evaluation and negative body image with the tendency of cosmetic surgery in women","volume":"3","author":"Shahani Shalmani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Science Monitor"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.46886\/IJARP\/v3-i1\/2280","article-title":"The impact of Instagram use on body image concerns among Iranian university female students: A phenomenological approach","volume":"3","author":"Sharifi","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Academic Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.07.009","article-title":"The role of media and peer influences in Australian women\u2019s attitudes towards cosmetic surgery","volume":"11","author":"Sharp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2025.2453711","article-title":"Relationship between intense personal celebrity worship and cosmetic surgery consideration among Chinese young women: The serial mediating effects of body dissatisfaction and body shame","volume":"186","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of Genetic Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016973","article-title":"An introduction to recursive partitioning: Rationale, application, and characteristics of classification and regression trees, bagging, and random forests","volume":"14","author":"Strobl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2009.07.001","article-title":"Body appreciation, media influence, and weight status predict consideration of cosmetic surgery among female undergraduates","volume":"6","author":"Swami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib88","first-page":"10","article-title":"The acceptance of cosmetic surgery scale: Initial examination of its factor structure and correlates among Brazilian adults","volume":"6","author":"Swami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.07.006","article-title":"Acceptance of cosmetic surgery and celebrity worship: Evidence of associations among female undergraduates","volume":"47","author":"Swami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib90","article-title":"The effect and implication of social media platforms on cosmetic facial plastic surgery among females in Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Taishan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib91","first-page":"143","article-title":"Effect of viewing female Instagram influencers\u2019 selfies on women\u2019s attitudes and tendency toward cosmetic surgery as mediated by facial dissatisfaction","volume":"17","author":"Tamannaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib92","author":"Therneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rpart: Recursive partitioning and Regression trees"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib93","series-title":"Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance","author":"Thompson","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression shrinkage and selection via the Lasso","volume":"58","author":"Tibshirani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.08.009","article-title":"You look great!\u201d: The effect of viewing appearance-related Instagram comments on women\u2019s body image","volume":"27","author":"Tiggemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s41347-023-00317-2","article-title":"Does social media engagement influence men\u2019s consideration of cosmetic surgery?","volume":"9","author":"Truasheim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-02121-4","article-title":"Positive body image in adolescence: Longitudinal associations with identity and eating disorder symptoms","volume":"54","author":"Uyar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib98","first-page":"3355","volume":"40","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Effects of Social Media Use on Desire for cosmetic Surgery among Young Women Current Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/03616843211026273","article-title":"Body talk on social networking sites and cosmetic surgery consideration among Chinese young adults: A serial mediation model based on objectification theory","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-024-01511-z","article-title":"Cultural tightness is linked to higher self-objectification in women (but not men): Multi-method evidence","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib101","article-title":"Attitudes towards cosmetic surgery among women in China and the Netherlands","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.10.007","article-title":"Body image and acceptance of cosmetic surgery in China and the Netherlands: A qualitative study on cultural differences and imilarities","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib103","article-title":"1109 Impact of cosmetic surgery on BDD symptoms, QoL, and psychological impact in BDD-diagnosed patients: A systematic review","volume":"112","author":"Yong","year":"2025","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135_bib104","first-page":"295","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale in a sample of medical degree applicants","volume":"20","author":"Yusoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Medical Journal"}],"container-title":["Body Image"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1740144526001099?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1740144526001099?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:47:00Z","timestamp":1788468420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1740144526001099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["S1740144526001099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-1445"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-1445","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Psychological and sociocultural patterns of cosmetic-procedure consideration: A machine-learning approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Body Image","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102135","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102135"}}