{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:49:49Z","timestamp":1791330589905,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020643","name":"Medical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2041822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2041822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020643","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Body Image"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:38:40Z","timestamp":1790717920000},"page":"102201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Associations between muscle dysmorphia symptoms and sexual functioning among sexually active boys and young men"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-3716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle T.","family":"Ganson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6177-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Piatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8686-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Lavender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1 (1995","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237651","article-title":"Conformity to masculine norms and symptom severity among men diagnosed with muscle dysmorphia vs. body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"15","author":"Blashill","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.025","article-title":"Sexual risk behaviors and steroid use among sexual minority adolescent boys","volume":"154","author":"Blashill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-015-0683-1","article-title":"Body dissatisfaction among sexual minority men: Psychological and sexual health outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Blashill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00618-6","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among gender-expansive people","volume":"10","author":"Compte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.04.008","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among cisgender gay men and cisgender lesbian women","volume":"38","author":"Compte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib7","series-title":"Eating disorders in boys and men","first-page":"149","article-title":"Appearance- and performance-enhancing substances including anabolic-androgenic steroids among boys and men","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2147\/RRU.S283097","article-title":"The quality of life and economic burden of erectile dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Elterman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research and Reports in Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.01.010","article-title":"Demographic and sociocultural predictors of sexuality-related body image and sexual frequency: The U.S. Body Project I","volume":"41","author":"Frederick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2023.01.001","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among a national sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults","volume":"44","author":"Ganson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib11","article-title":"Associations between anabolic-androgenic steroid use and sexual health behaviors among adolescent boys: Results From the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey","volume":"16","author":"Ganson","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Men\u2019States Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2021.2012114","article-title":"Performance-enhancing substance use and sexual risk behaviors among U.S. men: Results from a prospective cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Ganson","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-024-01469-y","article-title":"Masculinity and muscle dysmorphia in mixed gender Canadian youth","author":"Ganson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2023.12.003","article-title":"Associations between muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and sleep duration and difficulty in the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors","author":"Ganson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleeping Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.13008","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology is prospectively associated with suicidal thoughts, suicidal behaviors, and non-suicidal self-injury among a sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults","volume":"53","author":"Ganson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24410","article-title":"Body checking behaviors among boys and men with muscle dysmorphia, anorexia nervosa, and atypical anorexia nervosa","volume":"58","author":"Ganson","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.12.004","article-title":"A review of research linking body image and sexual well-being","volume":"31","author":"Gillen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-022-00539-7","article-title":"Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in depressive and persistent depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Impotence Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib19","series-title":"Eating disorders in boys and men","first-page":"103","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia","author":"Grunewald","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.01.001","article-title":"Conformity to masculine norms, masculine discrepancy stress, and changes in muscle dysmorphia symptoms","volume":"40","author":"Grunewald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12852","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships between muscle dysmorphia symptoms and suicidal ideation","volume":"52","author":"Grunewald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490209552124","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction: Overview of prevalence, etiological factors, and treatments","volume":"39","author":"Heiman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdad074","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction related to psychiatric disorders: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Herder","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Sexual Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.01.001","article-title":"Muscularity concerns among men: Development of attitudinal and perceptual measures","volume":"1","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib25","first-page":"294","article-title":"Infectious disease, injection practices, and risky sexual behavior among anabolic steroid users","volume":"28","author":"Ip","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS\/Hivatal"},{"issue":"9995","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61449-0","article-title":"Sexual health, human rights, and law","volume":"386","author":"Khosla","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282618","article-title":"Who seeks sex therapy? Sexual dysfunction prevalence and correlates, and help-seeking among clinical and community samples","volume":"18","author":"Lafortune","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.10.009","article-title":"A qualitative investigation of the phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia: Part 1","volume":"43","author":"Martenstyn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.12.001","article-title":"A qualitative investigation of the phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia: Part 2","volume":"44","author":"Martenstyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2013.789820","article-title":"Psychosocial factors associated with male sexual difficulties","volume":"51","author":"McCabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-025-03182-7","article-title":"Help-seeking for sexual difficulties among Australian men: Analysis of the Ten to Men Longitudinal Study","volume":"54","author":"Mengesha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-012-9697-3","article-title":"The Natsal-SF: A validated measure of sexual function for use in community surveys","volume":"27","author":"Mitchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2023.2218352","article-title":"The role of men\u2019s sexual beliefs on sexual function\/dysfunction: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Moura","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.08.001","article-title":"The enigma of male eating disorders: A critical review and synthesis","volume":"57","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03302-2","article-title":"Community norms of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among cisgender sexual minority men and women","volume":"21","author":"Nagata","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00442-4","article-title":"Community norms of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among gender minority populations","volume":"9","author":"Nagata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib37","series-title":"Encyclopedia of child and adolescent health","first-page":"843","article-title":"Eating disorders in adolescent boys","author":"Nagata","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2020-0001","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of muscle-enhancing behaviors among adolescents and young adults in the United States","volume":"34","author":"Nagata","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib39","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia in adolescents and young adults","author":"Nagata","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.8.1291","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia in male weightlifters: A case-control study","volume":"157","author":"Olivardia","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000012445176","article-title":"Handling item-level missing data: Simpler is just as good","volume":"41","author":"Parent","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.09.001","article-title":"Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"2","author":"Pope","year":"2005","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(97)71400-2","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia: An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"38","author":"Pope","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.17441","article-title":"Body image disorders and abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids among men","volume":"317","author":"Pope","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib45","series-title":"The adonis complex: How to identify, treat, and prevent body obsession in men and boys","author":"Pope","year":"2000"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/tre.827","article-title":"Psychological consequences of erectile dysfunction","volume":"12","author":"Sheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends in Urology & Men\u2019States Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2011.615897","article-title":"Incidence and Persistence\/recurrence of men\u2019s sexual difficulties: Findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Health and Relationships","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib48","author":"Ten to Men","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.24.291565","article-title":"Associations between sexual health and well-being: A systematic review","volume":"102","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-023-02640-4","article-title":"Precarious manhood beliefs are positively associated with erectile dysfunction in cisgender men","volume":"52","author":"Walther","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201_bib51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Threats to online surveys: Recognizing, detecting, and preventing survey bots","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Work Research"}],"container-title":["Body Image"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1740144526001750?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1740144526001750?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:50:26Z","timestamp":1791327026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1740144526001750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S1740144526001750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-1445"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-1445","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Associations between muscle dysmorphia symptoms and sexual functioning among sexually active boys and young men","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Body Image","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102201","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102201"}}