{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:26:15Z","timestamp":1790745975689,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bone"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T12:02:53Z","timestamp":1265889773000},"page":"1226-1237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Evidence for pleiotropic factors in genetics of the musculoskeletal system"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Karasik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Kiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080419","article-title":"PPARG by dietary fat interaction influences bone mass in mice and humans","volume":"23","author":"Ackert-Bicknell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00004-3","article-title":"Testing the daily stress stimulus theory of bone adaptation with natural and experimentally controlled strain histories","volume":"30","author":"Adams","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-7-18","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide regulates endochondral bone growth through p38 MAP kinase-dependent and -independent pathways","volume":"7","author":"Agoston","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.02.018","article-title":"Bone biomechanical properties in LRP5 mutant mice","volume":"35","author":"Akhter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081010","article-title":"Effect of lamin A\/C knockdown on osteoblast differentiation and function","volume":"24","author":"Akter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90780.2008","article-title":"Effects of spaceflight on murine skeletal muscle gene expression","volume":"106","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2272(1997)14:6<953::AID-GEPI65>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Bivariate quantitative trait linkage analysis: pleiotropy versus co-incident linkages","volume":"14","author":"Almasy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041015","article-title":"Risk of wrist fracture in women is heritable and is influenced by genes that are largely independent of those influencing BMD","volume":"20","author":"Andrew","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.7.1256","article-title":"The polymorphism in the caudal-related homeodomain protein Cdx-2 binding element in the human vitamin D receptor gene","volume":"16","author":"Arai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C853","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00093.2005","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling activates growth-control genes during overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy","volume":"289","author":"Armstrong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00124-X","article-title":"A model of bone adaptation as an optimization process","volume":"33","author":"Bagge","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6509","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707000200","article-title":"NOTCH1 regulates osteoclastogenesis directly in osteoclast precursors and indirectly via osteoblast lineage cells","volume":"283","author":"Bai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E481","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00319.2002","article-title":"Chronic inflammation and the effect of IGF-I on muscle strength and power in older persons","volume":"284","author":"Barbieri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1019-6","article-title":"Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, falls, balance and muscle power: results from two independent studies (APOSS and OPUS)","volume":"21","author":"Barr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.00906.x","article-title":"Entheses: tendon and ligament attachment sites","volume":"19","author":"Benjamin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200003)43:3<576::AID-ANR14>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"The mechanism of formation of bony spurs (enthesophytes) in the Achilles tendon","volume":"43","author":"Benjamin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02570.x","article-title":"Testosterone supplementation in older men: a rational idea whose time has not yet come","volume":"22","author":"Bhasin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-0062-1","article-title":"Lean mass plays a gender-specific role in familial resemblance for femoral neck bone mineral density in adult subjects","volume":"17","author":"Blain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200201000-00005","article-title":"Association of physical activity and bone: influence of vitamin D receptor genotype","volume":"34","author":"Blanchet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.12.224","article-title":"Osteocytes, mechanosensing and Wnt signaling","volume":"42","author":"Bonewald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2001.49273.x","article-title":"Ability of fat and fat-free mass percentages to predict functional disability in older men and women","volume":"49","author":"Broadwin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib22","series-title":"Space Physiology","author":"Buckey","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.027","article-title":"IKKbeta\/NF-kappaB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice","volume":"119","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.1.9","article-title":"Impaired expression of Notch signaling genes in aged human skeletal muscle","volume":"62","author":"Carey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S389","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071405","article-title":"Skeletal development and bone functional adaptation","volume":"7","author":"Carter","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(84)80050-8","article-title":"Quantitative genetics and developmental constraints on evolution by selection","volume":"110","author":"Cheverud","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001752","article-title":"Quantitative trait loci for bone lengths on chromosome 5 using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry imaging in the Twins UK cohort","volume":"3","author":"Chinappen-Horsley","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.09.051","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene and bone density\/ultrasound and geometry in humans","volume":"42","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)00035-6","article-title":"Mechanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine: implications for injury and chronic low back pain","volume":"11","author":"Cholewicki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199608)100:4<559::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Particulate versus integrated evolution of the upper body in late pleistocene humans: a test of two models","volume":"100","author":"Churchill","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070702","article-title":"Osteogenic potential of postnatal skeletal muscle-derived stem cells is influenced by donor sex","volume":"22","author":"Corsi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0114-1","article-title":"Lifetime sport and leisure activity participation is associated with greater bone size, quality and strength in older men","volume":"17","author":"Daly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-S9-S5","article-title":"A systems biology approach to the identification and analysis of transcriptional regulatory networks in osteocytes","volume":"10","author":"Dean","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070303","article-title":"Bivariate whole genome linkage analysis for femoral neck geometric parameters and total body lean mass","volume":"22","author":"Deng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1040","article-title":"Relevance of the genes for bone mass variation to susceptibility to osteoporotic fractures and its implications to gene search for complex human diseases","volume":"22","author":"Deng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.1.48","article-title":"Skeletal muscle adaptation in rats flown on Cosmos 1667","volume":"68","author":"Desplanches","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22209","article-title":"Differences in fat and muscle mass associated with a functional human polymorphism in a post-transcriptional BMP2 gene regulatory element","volume":"107","author":"Devaney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0502","article-title":"Deletion of vitamin D receptor gene in mice results in abnormal skeletal muscle development with deregulated expression of myoregulatory transcription factors","volume":"144","author":"Endo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000163383.49747.B5","article-title":"The COMT val158met polymorphism is associated with early pubertal development, height and cortical bone mass in girls","volume":"58","author":"Eriksson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20796","article-title":"Vibration sensitivity of human muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs","volume":"36","author":"Fallon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1134","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene haplotype is associated with body height and bone size","volume":"92","author":"Fang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021041","article-title":"Differential anabolic effects of testosterone and amino acid feeding in older men","volume":"88","author":"Ferrando","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1086\/420771","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene are associated with variation in vertebral bone mass, vertebral bone size, and stature in whites","volume":"74","author":"Ferrari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040103","article-title":"Interactions of interleukin-6 promoter polymorphisms with dietary and lifestyle factors and their association with bone mass in men and women from the Framingham osteoporosis study","volume":"19","author":"Ferrari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00046-5","article-title":"Gender-related differences in the relationship between densitometric values of whole-body bone mineral content and lean body mass in humans between 2 and 87 years of age","volume":"22","author":"Ferretti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170161","article-title":"Mechanical effects on the skeleton: are there clinical implications?","volume":"12","author":"Forwood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-6009(08)80012-8","article-title":"Physical activity and bone mass: exercises in futility?","volume":"21","author":"Forwood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone Miner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.4.1321","article-title":"Aging of skeletal muscle: a 12-yr longitudinal study","volume":"88","author":"Frontera","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10119","article-title":"Bone's mechanostat: a 2003 update","volume":"275","author":"Frost","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.9.1473","article-title":"On the estrogen\u2013bone relationship and postmenopausal bone loss: a new model","volume":"14","author":"Frost","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2000.13.6.571","article-title":"The \u201cmuscle\u2013bone unit\u201d in children and adolescents: a 2000 overview","volume":"13","author":"Frost","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.12.067","article-title":"An application of bioinformatics and text mining to the discovery of novel genes related to bone biology","volume":"40","author":"Gajendran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031342","article-title":"A polymorphic CYP19 TTTA repeat influences aromatase activity and estrogen levels in elderly men: effects on bone metabolism","volume":"89","author":"Gennari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060612","article-title":"Low-level, high-frequency mechanical signals enhance musculoskeletal development of young women with low BMD","volume":"21","author":"Gilsanz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00249.2004","article-title":"Identification of a molecular signature of sarcopenia","volume":"21","author":"Giresi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2660(04)52002-3","article-title":"The splicing of the IGF-I gene to yield different muscle growth factors","volume":"52","author":"Goldspink","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500323","article-title":"Genetic variation in the human vitamin D receptor is associated with muscle strength, fat mass and body weight in Swedish women","volume":"150","author":"Grundberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.05.012","article-title":"A TA-repeat polymorphism in the gene for the estrogen receptor alpha does not correlate with muscle strength or body composition in young adult Swedish women","volume":"50","author":"Grundberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10044","article-title":"Increased bone mineral density in the femora of GDF8 knockout mice","volume":"272","author":"Hamrick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00105-0","article-title":"Bone architecture and disc degeneration in the lumbar spine of mice lacking GDF-8 (myostatin)","volume":"21","author":"Hamrick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2003.11.020","article-title":"Leptin deficiency produces contrasting phenotypes in bones of the limb and spine","volume":"34","author":"Hamrick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk115","article-title":"Age gene\/environment susceptibility\u2014Reykjavik study: multidisciplinary applied phenomics","volume":"165","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060812","article-title":"QTL with pleiotropic effects on serum levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin maps to the baboon ortholog of human chromosome 6p23\u201321.3","volume":"21","author":"Havill","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200405000-00006","article-title":"Testosterone action on skeletal muscle","volume":"7","author":"Herbst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib65","series-title":"Development of functional interactions between skeletal and muscular systems","first-page":"165","volume":"vol. 9","author":"Herring","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.7.882","article-title":"Cross-sectional associations between trunk muscle composition, back pain, and physical function in the health, aging and body composition study","volume":"60","author":"Hicks","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.11.1420","article-title":"Trunk muscle composition as a predictor of reduced functional capacity in the health, aging and body composition study: the moderating role of back pain","volume":"60","author":"Hicks","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2004.07.003","article-title":"Effect of tensile force on the expression of IGF-I and IGF-I receptor in the organ-cultured rat cranial suture","volume":"50","author":"Hirukawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-8-35","article-title":"Dominant negative Bmp5 mutation reveals key role of BMPs in skeletal response to mechanical stimulation","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1139\/h04-014","article-title":"Determinants and upper-limit heritabilities of skeletal muscle mass and strength","volume":"29","author":"Huygens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060806","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide scans provides evidence for sex- and site-specific regulation of bone mass","volume":"22","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.11.2048","article-title":"Association of polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor alpha gene with bone mineral density and fracture risk in women: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2005.10.018","article-title":"Laminopathies: multisystem dystrophy syndromes","volume":"87","author":"Jacob","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.15","article-title":"Systems analysis of bone","volume":"14","author":"Jepsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"WIREs Syst Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040110","article-title":"Genetically linked site-specificity of disuse osteoporosis","volume":"19","author":"Judex","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib76","first-page":"340","article-title":"The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy\u2014parallels with osteoporotic signaling","volume":"8","author":"Kandarian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1484-2","article-title":"Hip section modulus, a measure of bending resistance, is more strongly related to reported physical activity than BMD","volume":"14","author":"Kaptoge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20163","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501460200","article-title":"Fluid shear stress synergizes with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on osteoblast proliferation through integrin-dependent activation of IGF-I mitogenic signaling pathway","volume":"280","author":"Kapur","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-204","article-title":"Genetic analyses and quantitative trait loci detection, using a partial genome scan, for intramuscular fatty acid composition in Scottish Blackface sheep","volume":"84","author":"Karamichou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.2008.00447.x","article-title":"Contribution of gender-specific genetic factors to osteoporosis risk","volume":"72","author":"Karasik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.B218","article-title":"Genetic contribution to biological aging: the Framingham study","volume":"59","author":"Karasik","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080218","article-title":"Genetics of the musculoskeletal system: a pleiotropic approach","volume":"23","author":"Karasik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-1002-0","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 4 and 5 and bone mineral density in elderly men and women","volume":"71","author":"Karasik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib84","first-page":"S325-S325","article-title":"Association of aromatase gene polymorphisms with bone mineral density in men and women: the Framingham Offspring Study","volume":"18","author":"Karasik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081222","article-title":"Bivariate genome-wide linkage analysis of femoral bone traits and leg lean mass: Framingham study","volume":"24","author":"Karasik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3278fje","article-title":"Interleukin-6 receptor expression in contracting human skeletal muscle: regulating role of IL-6","volume":"19","author":"Keller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10407","article-title":"Experimental evolution and phenotypic plasticity of hindlimb bones in high-activity house mice","volume":"267","author":"Kelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M436","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.5.M436","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in nonobese women who are long-term users of estrogen-replacement therapy","volume":"58","author":"Kenny","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.04.185","article-title":"Novel loci regulating bone anabolic response to loading: expression QTL analysis in C57BL\/6JXC3H\/HeJ mice cross","volume":"41","author":"Kesavan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01428.x","article-title":"Oestrogen, bones and men: when testosterone just isn't enough","volume":"56","author":"Khosla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra013182","article-title":"Population screening in the age of genomic medicine","volume":"348","author":"Khoury","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.09.029","article-title":"Genetic variation at the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) locus modulates Wnt signaling and the relationship of physical activity with bone mineral density in men","volume":"40","author":"Kiel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.156372","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling stimulates chondrogenic and inhibits adipogenic differentiation of pericytes: potential relevance to vascular disease?","volume":"101","author":"Kirton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0136","article-title":"Change in cortical bone density and its distribution differs between boys and girls during puberty","volume":"91","author":"Kontulainen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00817.2004","article-title":"Muscle strength response to strength training is influenced by insulin-like growth factor 1 genotype in older adults","volume":"98","author":"Kostek","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090418","article-title":"Bone, muscle and physical activity: structural equation modeling of relationships and genetic influence with age","volume":"24","author":"Lang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib97","first-page":"4257","article-title":"Association between insulin-like growth factor I and bone mineral density in older women and men: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"83","author":"Langlois","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-008-9011-9","article-title":"Estrogen receptors critically regulate bones' adaptive responses to loading","volume":"5","author":"Lanyon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-8957-8","article-title":"The perils of being bipedal","volume":"33","author":"Latimer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.06.009","article-title":"Axonal degeneration affects muscle density in older men and women","volume":"27","author":"Lauretani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/424389a","article-title":"Endocrinology: bone adaptation requires oestrogen receptor-alpha","volume":"424","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-004-0145-6","article-title":"Effects of pleiotrophin (PTN) over-expression on mouse long bone development, fracture healing and bone repair","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G.H.Y., Kung, A.W.C., and Huang, Q.Y. Common variants in FLNB\/CRTAP, not ARHGEF3 at 3p, are associated with osteoporosis in southern Chinese women. Osteoporosis International in press: 2010.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1043-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090411","article-title":"Sclerostin mediates bone response to mechanical unloading through antagonizing Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6827","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006827","article-title":"Powerful bivariate genome-wide association analyses suggest the SOX6 gene influencing both obesity and osteoporosis phenotypes in males","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.040909","article-title":"The COMT val158met polymorphism is associated with peak BMD in men","volume":"19","author":"Lorentzon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070416","article-title":"Association between physical activity and BMD in young men is modulated by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype: the GOOD study","volume":"22","author":"Lorentzon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10111","article-title":"The Maka femur and its bearing on the antiquity of human walking: applying contemporary concepts of morphogenesis to the human fossil record","volume":"119","author":"Lovejoy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00732-9","article-title":"Patterns of osteocytic endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the femoral neck cortex: differences between cases of intracapsular hip fracture and controls","volume":"30","author":"Loveridge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13325","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700636104","article-title":"Primary cilia mediate mechanosensing in bone cells by a calcium-independent mechanism","volume":"104","author":"Malone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080227","article-title":"Physical performance and risk of hip fractures in older men","volume":"23","author":"Mannen Cawthon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib112","first-page":"115","article-title":"Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"21","author":"Manolagas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-9-63","article-title":"A genome-wide scan for quantitative trait loci affecting limb bone lengths and areal bone mineral density of the distal femur in a White Duroc x Erhualian F2 population","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03837","article-title":"Neural crest origins of the neck and shoulder","volume":"436","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01583.2005","article-title":"Estrogen status and skeletal muscle recovery from disuse atrophy","volume":"100","author":"McClung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198609000-00004","article-title":"Partitioning of the L4\u2013L5 dynamic moment into disc, ligamentous, and muscular components during lifting","volume":"11","author":"McGill","year":"1986","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081008","article-title":"Muscle cross-sectional area and structural bone strength share genetic and environmental effects in older women","volume":"24","author":"Mikkola","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-8716-3","article-title":"Osteocrin\u2014beyond just another bone protein?","volume":"66","author":"Moffatt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.4.703","article-title":"Adjusting bone mass for differences in projected bone area and other confounding variables: an allometric perspective","volume":"17","author":"Nevill","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00927-4","article-title":"Modeling elite male athletes' peripheral bone mass, assessed using regional dual X-ray absorptiometry","volume":"32","author":"Nevill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0419fje","article-title":"Skeletal muscle gene expression in space-flown rats","volume":"18","author":"Nikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1610-9","article-title":"Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism is associated with bone quality assessed by calcaneus ultrasound and previous fractures in a cohort of 75-year-old women","volume":"15","author":"Nordstrom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.01.021","article-title":"Evolution of mechanoregulation of bone growth will lead to non-optimal bone phenotypes","volume":"235","author":"Nowlan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02312.x","article-title":"The relationship between serum resistin, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin levels and bone mineral density in middle-aged men","volume":"63","author":"Oh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.06.010","article-title":"Identification of differentially expressed genes between osteoblasts and osteocytes","volume":"45","author":"Paic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20136","article-title":"Using endophenotypes for pathway clusters to map complex disease genes","volume":"30","author":"Pan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20155","article-title":"The aging of Wolff's \u201claw\u201d: ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone","volume":"39","author":"Pearson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.90100.2007","article-title":"Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6","volume":"88","author":"Pedersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.543","article-title":"Resistin polymorphisms are associated with muscle, bone, and fat phenotypes in white men and women","volume":"15","author":"Pistilli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C633","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00278.2004","article-title":"Mechanical stimulation prevents osteocyte apoptosis: requirement of integrins, Src kinases, and ERKs","volume":"289","author":"Plotkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.008367","article-title":"MEF2: a central regulator of diverse developmental programs","volume":"134","author":"Potthoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib132","series-title":"Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Mechano-Biology","first-page":"29","article-title":"Analysis of muscle and joint loads","author":"Prendergast","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s002230010037","article-title":"Association between COLIA1 Sp1 alleles and femoral neck geometry","volume":"69","author":"Qureshi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-8-200910200-00006","article-title":"Collaborative meta-analysis: associations of 150 candidate genes with osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture","volume":"151","author":"Richards","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.11.014","article-title":"Muscle atrophy and bone loss after 90 days' bed rest and the effects of flywheel resistive exercise and pamidronate: results from the LTBR study","volume":"36","author":"Rittweger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040405","article-title":"The influence of an insulin-like growth factor I gene promoter polymorphism on hip bone geometry and the risk of nonvertebral fracture in the elderly: the Rotterdam study","volume":"19","author":"Rivadeneira","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.446","article-title":"Twenty bone-mineral-density loci identified by large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies","volume":"41","author":"Rivadeneira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020322800609","article-title":"Myostatin gene expression is reduced in humans with heavy-resistance strength training: a brief communication","volume":"228","author":"Roth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B1085","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.12.B1085","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (IL6) genotype is associated with fat-free mass in men but not women","volume":"58","author":"Roth","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.1.B10","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor genotype is associated with fat-free mass and sarcopenia in elderly men","volume":"59","author":"Roth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(01)01872-4","article-title":"Inhibition of osteopenia by low magnitude, high-frequency mechanical stimuli","volume":"6","author":"Rubin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34018","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302822200","article-title":"Mechanical strain differentially regulates endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and receptor activator of nuclear kappa B ligand expression via ERK1\/2 MAPK","volume":"278","author":"Rubin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2005.10.028","article-title":"Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone","volume":"367","author":"Rubin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.74","article-title":"Common variants in the GDF5-UQCC region are associated with variation in human height","volume":"40","author":"Sanna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.4.910","article-title":"Human metabolic syndrome resulting from dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma","volume":"52","author":"Savage","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23698","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601000200","article-title":"The Wnt co-receptor LRP5 is essential for skeletal mechanotransduction but not for the anabolic bone response to parathyroid hormone treatment","volume":"281","author":"Sawakami","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.8392009x","article-title":"Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the leptin gene with carcass and meat quality traits of beef cattle","volume":"83","author":"Schenkel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(80)90005-2","article-title":"Chemical and physiochemical studies on the mineral deposits of the human atherosclerotic aorta","volume":"37","author":"Schmid","year":"1980","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00985.2003","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-2 genotype, fat-free mass, and muscle performance across the adult life span","volume":"97","author":"Schrager","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000083539","article-title":"Defining the phenotype in human genetic studies: forward genetics and reverse phenotyping","volume":"58","author":"Schulze","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.17.2263","article-title":"Association between estrogen receptor alpha gene variation and cardiovascular disease","volume":"290","author":"Shearman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.0301258","article-title":"Estrogen receptor Beta polymorphisms are associated with bone mass in women and men: the Framingham study","volume":"19","author":"Shearman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib153","first-page":"255","article-title":"Hormonal influences on the muscle\u2013bone feedback system: a perspective","volume":"5","author":"Siev\u00e4nen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib154","first-page":"277","article-title":"The transcription factors L-Sox5 and Sox6 are essential for cartilage","volume":"1","author":"Smits","year":"2001","journal-title":"Formation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06837","article-title":"Modifying muscle mass\u2014the endocrine perspective","volume":"191","author":"Solomon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00164-X","article-title":"Quantitative anatomy of the lumbar musculature","volume":"32","author":"Stokes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E69","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0000069","article-title":"Linkage of osteoporosis to chromosome 20p12 and association to BMP2","volume":"1","author":"Styrkarsdottir","year":"2003","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-006-0041-3","article-title":"Genetic and environmental correlations between bone geometric parameters and body compositions","volume":"79","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040918","article-title":"Association between exercise and pubertal BMD is modulated by estrogen receptor alpha genotype","volume":"19","author":"Suuriniemi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000181678.28092.31","article-title":"Estrogen replacement, muscle composition, and physical function: the Health ABC Study","volume":"37","author":"Taaffe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib161","series-title":"Aging Men's Health: a Case-Based Approach","author":"Tan","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.05.167","article-title":"The stress reaction and its molecular events: splicing variants","volume":"320","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.12.080","article-title":"Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase genotypes with bone mineral density, bone loss, hip structure, and risk of fracture in older women: the SOF study","volume":"39","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.00218","article-title":"Does sex matter in musculoskeletal health? The influence of sex and gender on musculoskeletal health","volume":"87","author":"Tosi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980200000","article-title":"Biomechanics of bone: determinants of skeletal fragility and bone quality","volume":"13","author":"Turner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650101016","article-title":"Aging changes mechanical loading thresholds for bone formation in rats","volume":"10","author":"Turner","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00005","article-title":"The association between common vitamin D receptor gene variations and osteoporosis: a participant-level meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"Uitterlinden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.111.12.1741","article-title":"Identification of connexin43 as a functional target for Wnt signalling","volume":"111","author":"van der Heyden","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02064","article-title":"A regulatory mutation in IGF2 causes a major QTL effect on muscle growth in the pig","volume":"425","author":"Van Laere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.050904","article-title":"Common genetic variation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 and 6 genes determines fracture risk in elderly white men","volume":"21","author":"van Meurs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg176","article-title":"Association of 5\u2032 estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms with bone mineral density, vertebral bone area and fracture risk","volume":"12","author":"van Meurs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.11.1277","article-title":"Large-scale analysis of association between LRP5 and LRP6 variants and osteoporosis","volume":"299","author":"van Meurs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01888.x","article-title":"Identification of the BclI polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: association with sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo and body mass index","volume":"59","author":"van Rossum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031422","article-title":"The ER22\/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with a beneficial body composition and muscle strength in young adults","volume":"89","author":"van Rossum","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02978.x","article-title":"Serum fasting cortisol in relation to bone, and the role of genetic variations in the glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"67","author":"van Schoor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-003-0575-2","article-title":"Stabilization of the sacroiliac joint in vivo: verification of muscular contribution to force closure of the pelvis","volume":"13","author":"van Wingerden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1704-4","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism is associated with osteoporotic vertebral fractures, but is a weak predictor of BMD","volume":"16","author":"Villadsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04694.x","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength in relation to lower-extremity performance in older men and women","volume":"48","author":"Visser","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M214","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/53A.3.M214","article-title":"Body fat and skeletal muscle mass in relation to physical disability in very old men and women of the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"53","author":"Visser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50217.x","article-title":"Leg muscle mass and composition in relation to lower extremity performance in men and women aged 70 to 79: the health, aging and body composition study","volume":"50","author":"Visser","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.8.1497","article-title":"Quantitative trait loci for femoral size and shape in a genetically heterogeneous mouse population","volume":"18","author":"Volkman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00537.2004","article-title":"Androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism is associated with fat-free mass in men","volume":"98","author":"Walsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","article-title":"The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): development and evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Washburn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.121","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis identifies 20 loci that influence adult height","volume":"40","author":"Weedon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1086\/302570","article-title":"Joint multipoint linkage analysis of multivariate qualitative and quantitative traits. I. Likelihood formulation and simulation results","volume":"65","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100140613","article-title":"Differential growth by growth plates as a function of multiple parameters of chondrocytic kinetics","volume":"14","author":"Wilsman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090530","article-title":"Common sequence variation in FLNB regulates bone structure in women in the general population and FLNB mRNA expression in osteoblasts in vitro","volume":"24","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0374-4","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene are associated with muscle strength in men and women","volume":"18","author":"Windelinckx","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2006.00120.x","article-title":"The contribution of epistatic pleiotropy to the genetic architecture of covariation among polygenic traits in mice","volume":"8","author":"Wolf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evol Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00764.2007","article-title":"Enhancement of the adolescent murine musculoskeletal system using low-level mechanical vibrations","volume":"104","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20606","article-title":"Global gene expression analysis in the bones reveals involvement of several novel genes and pathways in mediating an anabolic response of mechanical loading in mice","volume":"96","author":"Xing","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060808","article-title":"Robust and comprehensive analysis of 20 osteoporosis candidate genes by very high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism screen among 405 white nuclear families identified significant association and gene\u2013gene interaction","volume":"21","author":"Xiong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.10.013","article-title":"Foxo1 represses expression of musclin, a skeletal muscle-derived secretory factor","volume":"364","author":"Yasui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.06.001","article-title":"Hip structural geometry in old and old\u2013old age: similarities and differences between men and women","volume":"41","author":"Yates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0435-8","article-title":"Association between myostatin gene polymorphisms and peak BMD variation in Chinese nuclear families","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19004","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605170103","article-title":"Dominance of SOX9 function over RUNX2 during skeletogenesis","volume":"103","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02028","article-title":"The effect of endurance exercise on the morphology of muscle attachment sites","volume":"209","author":"Zumwalt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"}],"container-title":["Bone"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S8756328210004230?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S8756328210004230?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T23:22:38Z","timestamp":1711236158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S8756328210004230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"references-count":197,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S8756328210004230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.382","relation":{},"ISSN":["8756-3282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8756-3282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}}}