{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T06:57:26Z","timestamp":1793861846666,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","thebonejournal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bone"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]],"date-time":"2016-12-29T03:18:01Z","timestamp":1482981481000},"page":"39-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":247,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for diagnosis and fracture risk assessment; WHO-criteria, T- and Z-score, and reference databases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Hans P.","family":"Dimai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90512-V","volume":"90","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0620329","article-title":"Bone mineral content of the lumbar spine in normal and osteoporotic women: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies","volume":"62","author":"Krolner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90099-6","article-title":"Relationship between trabecular vertebral body density and fractures: a quantitative definition of spinal osteoporosis","volume":"37","author":"Odvina","year":"1988","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(87)90001-9","article-title":"Definition of a spine fracture threshold based upon prospective fracture risk","volume":"8","author":"Ross","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113523","article-title":"Age and bone mass as predictors of fracture in a prospective study","volume":"81","author":"Hui","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0030","first-page":"1","volume":"843","year":"1994","journal-title":"World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623782","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. The European foundation for osteoporosis and bone disease","volume":"7","author":"Kanis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/aft095","article-title":"New horizons in fracture risk assessment","volume":"42","author":"Aspray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090802","article-title":"The diagnosis of osteoporosis","volume":"9","author":"Kanis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.08.011","article-title":"Diagnostic devices for osteoporosis in the general population: a systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Hoiberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7041.1254","article-title":"Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures","volume":"312","author":"Marshall","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.10.1108","article-title":"Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures","volume":"164","author":"Siris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1780-5","article-title":"Assessment of fracture risk","volume":"16","author":"Kanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170006","article-title":"Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds","volume":"12","author":"Kanis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-013-0447-8","article-title":"Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research and Japan Osteoporosis Society Joint Review Committee for the revision of the diagnostic criteria for primary osteoporosis, diagnostic criteria for primary osteoporosis: year 2012 revision","volume":"31","author":"Soen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110602","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of bone mineral and structure: state of the art","volume":"11","author":"Genant","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1779-y","article-title":"The tale of the T-score: review and perspective","volume":"16","author":"Faulkner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0090","series-title":"Assessment of Fracture Risk and Its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Geneva: WHO, 1994","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622200","article-title":"Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report. WHO study group","volume":"4","author":"Kanis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623782","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. the european foundation for osteoporosis and bone disease","volume":"7","author":"Kanis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0105","first-page":"249","article-title":"Bone mineral density reference databases for American men and women (abstract)","volume":"5","author":"Kelly","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900663","article-title":"Bone density of the spine and femur in adult white females","volume":"65","author":"Mazess","year":"1999","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01629574","article-title":"Discrepancies in normative data between lunar and hologic DXA systems","volume":"6","author":"Faulkner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"issue":"2013","key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2013.08.001","article-title":"International society for clinical densitometry position development conference: task force on normative databases","volume":"16","author":"Watts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-1964-3","article-title":"IOF Working Group on epidemiology and quality of life, a systematic review of hip fracture incidence and probability of fracture worldwide","volume":"23","author":"Kanis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1385\/JCD:5:1:087","article-title":"Implications in the use of T-scores for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in men","volume":"5","author":"Faulkner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.10.1587","article-title":"Hip fracture prediction in elderly men and women: Validation in the rotterdam study","volume":"13","author":"De Laet","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1632-z","article-title":"Towards a diagnostic and therapeutic consensus in male osteoporosis","volume":"22","author":"Kanis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000074555.82339.40","article-title":"Position development conference","volume":"96","author":"Lenchik","year":"2003","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207907","article-title":"The accuracy of osteoporotic fracture risk prediction tools: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Marques","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1713-z","article-title":"Task Force of the FRAX initiative, interpretation and use of FRAX in clinical practice","volume":"22","author":"Kanis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.11.1955","article-title":"Does the combination of two BMD measurements improve fracture discrimination?","volume":"18","author":"Blake","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.04.011","article-title":"CaMos Research Group, spine-hip T-score difference predicts major osteoporotic fracture risk independent of FRAX((R)): a population-based report from CAMOS","volume":"14","author":"Leslie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1461-5","article-title":"Spine-hip discordance and fracture risk assessment: A physician-friendly FRAX enhancement","volume":"22","author":"Leslie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2074-y","volume":"24","author":"Kanis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0588-0","article-title":"Development of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.05.002","article-title":"Comparison of different screening tools (FRAX(R), OST, ORAI, OSIRIS, SCORE and age alone) to identify women with increased risk of fracture. A population-based prospective study","volume":"56","author":"Rubin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107695","article-title":"External validation of the garvan nomograms for predicting absolute fracture risk: the Tromso study","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3427","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3427","article-title":"Derivation and validation of updated QFracture algorithm to predict risk of osteoporotic fracture in primary care in the united kingdom: prospective open cohort study","volume":"344","author":"Hippisley-Cox","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b4229","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4229","article-title":"Predicting risk of osteoporotic fracture in men and women in england and wales: Prospective derivation and validation of QFractureScores","volume":"339","author":"Hippisley-Cox","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Bone"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S8756328216303866?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S8756328216303866?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T08:54:48Z","timestamp":1536137688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S8756328216303866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S8756328216303866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.729556598.793563262","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["8756-3282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8756-3282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for diagnosis and fracture risk assessment; WHO-criteria, T- and Z-score, and reference databases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Bone","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2016.12.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}