{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:10:19Z","timestamp":1791429019682,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]],"date-time":"2018-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531872000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":290,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10 RR023405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10 RR023405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bone"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T14:45:26Z","timestamp":1499957126000},"page":"200-208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bone mass, microarchitecture and strength are influenced by race\/ethnicity in young adult men and women"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8029-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin L.","family":"Popp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Martinez-Betancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2145-766X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Turkington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Signe","family":"Caksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katelyn I.","family":"Guerriere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginu","family":"Unnikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaques","family":"Reifman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary L.","family":"Bouxsein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08761-5","article-title":"Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk","volume":"359","author":"Kanis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.7.1237","article-title":"International variations in hip fracture probabilities: implications for risk assessment","volume":"17","author":"Kanis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.061113","article-title":"Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005\u20132025","volume":"22","author":"Burge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00024","article-title":"Ethnic differences in bone health","volume":"6","author":"Zengin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070315","article-title":"Residual lifetime risk of fractures in women and men","volume":"22","author":"Nguyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.07.054","article-title":"Racial disparity in fracture risk between white and nonwhite children in the United States","volume":"161","author":"Wren","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000487629.88254.dd","article-title":"Risk of stress fracture varies by race\/ethnicity in U.S. Army soldiers: 3094 board #159 June 3, 3: 30 PM\u20135: 00 PM","volume":"48","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0040","series-title":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance C. Stress fractures, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2004\u20132010","first-page":"8","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650060709","article-title":"Demonstration that bone mass is greater in black than in white children","volume":"6","author":"Bell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0050","first-page":"429","article-title":"Racial differences in bone density between young adult black and white subjects persist after adjustment for anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical differences","volume":"82","author":"Ettinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650060513","article-title":"Spinal bone mineral density in 335 normal and obese children and adolescents: evidence for ethnic and sex differences","volume":"6","author":"McCormick","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53101.x","article-title":"Longitudinal study of changes in hip bone mineral density in Caucasian and African-American women","volume":"53","author":"Cauley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1953","article-title":"Differences in skeletal microarchitecture and strength in African-American and white women","volume":"28","author":"Putman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.071108","article-title":"Finite element analysis based on in vivo HR-pQCT images of the distal radius is associated with wrist fracture in postmenopausal women","volume":"23","author":"Boutroy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.152","article-title":"Abnormal microarchitecture and reduced stiffness at the radius and tibia in postmenopausal women with fractures","volume":"25","author":"Stein","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0996","article-title":"Bone microarchitecture and stiffness in premenopausal women with idiopathic osteoporosis","volume":"94","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070908","article-title":"Race and ethnic variation in proximal femur structure and BMD among older men","volume":"23","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.352","article-title":"Differences in bone microarchitecture between postmenopausal Chinese-American and white women","volume":"26","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090528","article-title":"Application of high-resolution skeletal imaging to measurements of volumetric BMD and skeletal microarchitecture in Chinese-American and white women: explanation of a paradox","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090529","article-title":"Differences in macro- and microarchitecture of the appendicular skeleton in young Chinese and white women","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0105","article-title":"Differences in trabecular microstructure between Black and White women assessed by individual trabecular segmentation analysis of HR-pQCT images","author":"Putman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.050916","article-title":"Effects of sex and age on bone microstructure at the ultradistal radius: a population-based noninvasive in vivo assessment","volume":"21","author":"Khosla","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.171","article-title":"Age-related patterns of trabecular and cortical bone loss differ between sexes and skeletal sites: a population-based HR-pQCT study","volume":"26","author":"Macdonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0833-6","article-title":"Bone micro-architecture and determinants of strength in the radius and tibia: age-related changes in a population-based study of normal adults measured with high-resolution pQCT","volume":"20","author":"Dalzell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.091104","article-title":"Age- and gender-related differences in the geometric properties and biomechanical significance of intracortical porosity in the distal radius and tibia","volume":"25","author":"Burghardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9808-5","article-title":"Bone microarchitecture and estimated strength in 499 adult Danish women and men: a cross-sectional, population-based high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomographic study on peak bone structure","volume":"94","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.12.002","article-title":"Use of relative vs fixed offset distance to define region of interest at the distal radius and tibia in high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography","volume":"18","author":"Shanbhogue","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2007.12.013","article-title":"Site-specific variation of bone micro-architecture in the distal radius and tibia","volume":"11","author":"Boyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02546396","article-title":"The distribution of cortical and trabecular bone mass along the lengths of the radius and ulna and the implications for in vivo bone mass measurements","volume":"20","author":"Schlenker","year":"1976","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.10.003","article-title":"Visual grading of motion induced image degradation in high resolution peripheral computed tomography: impact of image quality on measures of bone density and micro-architecture","volume":"50","author":"Pialat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.05.034","article-title":"Reproducibility of direct quantitative measures of cortical bone microarchitecture of the distal radius and tibia by HR-pQCT","volume":"47","author":"Burghardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.091020","article-title":"Postmenopausal women with osteopenia have higher cortical porosity and thinner cortices at the distal radius and tibia than women with normal aBMD: an in vivo HR-pQCT study","volume":"25","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00736-6","article-title":"Estimation of distal radius failure load with micro-finite element analysis models based on three-dimensional peripheral quantitative computed tomography images","volume":"30","author":"Pistoia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.17.2102","article-title":"Bone mineral density and the risk of incident nonspinal fractures in black and white women","volume":"293","author":"Cauley","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8654","article-title":"Ethnic variation in bone density in premenopausal and early perimenopausal women: effects of anthropometric and lifestyle factors","volume":"87","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1876","article-title":"Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women","volume":"93","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622262","article-title":"Proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults","volume":"5","author":"Looker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.7.1343","article-title":"Race and sex effects on the association between muscle strength, soft tissue, and bone mineral density in healthy elders: the health, aging, and body composition study","volume":"16","author":"Taaffe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650091111","article-title":"Comparison of radiographic absorptiometry with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computed tomography in normal older white and black women","volume":"9","author":"Kleerekoper","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0200","article-title":"Racial differences in bone microarchitecture and estimated strength at the distal radius and distal tibia in older adolescent girls: a cross-sectional study","author":"Misra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2011.208","article-title":"DXA surrogates for visceral fat are inversely associated with bone density measures in adolescent athletes with menstrual dysfunction","volume":"24","author":"Ackerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0645","article-title":"Vitamin D status and calcium metabolism in adolescent black and white girls on a range of controlled calcium intakes","volume":"93","author":"Weaver","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-010-0186-z","article-title":"Comparisons of trabecular and cortical bone in late adolescent black and white females","volume":"29","author":"Pollock","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2174-8","article-title":"Racial differences in cortical bone and their relationship to biochemical variables in Black and White children in the early stages of puberty","volume":"24","author":"Warden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0225","first-page":"1420","article-title":"Differential effect of race on the axial and appendicular skeletons of children","volume":"83","author":"Gilsanz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.9.1718","article-title":"Genome screen for quantitative trait loci contributing to normal variation in bone mineral density: the Framingham study","volume":"17","author":"Karasik","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0235","series-title":"Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health Geneva: World Health Organization","article-title":"Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0822-9","article-title":"The association between socioeconomic status and osteoporotic fracture in population-based adults: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Brennan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-006-0053-z","article-title":"Cortical bone histomorphometry of the iliac crest in normal black and white South African adults","volume":"79","author":"Schnitzler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(90)90261-D","article-title":"Histomorphometry of iliac crest bone in 346 normal black and white South African adults","volume":"10","author":"Schnitzler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bone Miner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650111219","article-title":"Effect of ethnicity and age or menopause on the structure and geometry of iliac bone","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812293192603","article-title":"Diminished rates of bone formation in normal black adults","volume":"319","author":"Weinstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.4.676","article-title":"Reduced rates of skeletal remodeling are associated with increased bone mineral density during the development of peak skeletal mass","volume":"12","author":"Slemenda","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071010","article-title":"Racial differences in pre- and postmenopausal bone homeostasis: association with bone density","volume":"7","author":"Meier","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090817","article-title":"Reference data for bone mass, calciotropic hormones, and biochemical markers of bone remodeling in older (55\u201375) postmenopausal white and black women","volume":"9","author":"Kleerekoper","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050292","article-title":"Biochemical responses of bone metabolism to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D administration in black and white women","volume":"11","author":"Cosman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2695","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in bone turnover markers in men","volume":"92","author":"Leder","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8480","article-title":"Ethnic variation in bone turnover in pre- and early perimenopausal women: effects of anthropometric and lifestyle factors","volume":"87","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070094","article-title":"Ethnic and gender differences in bone mineral density and bone turnover in young adults: effect of bone size","volume":"11","author":"Henry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7783","article-title":"Secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone turnover in elderly blacks and whites","volume":"86","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170156","article-title":"Effects of race on diurnal patterns of renal conservation of calcium and bone resorption in premenopausal women","volume":"12","author":"Bell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.6.958","article-title":"Resistance to bone resorbing effects of PTH in black women","volume":"12","author":"Cosman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.5.912","article-title":"Long-latency deficiency disease: Insights from calcium and vitamin D","volume":"78","author":"Heaney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(97)00065-9","article-title":"Bone and mineral metabolism in African Americans","volume":"8","author":"Bell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0325","first-page":"1642","article-title":"Racial differences in parathyroid hormone dynamics","volume":"79","author":"Fuleihan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.6.1657","article-title":"Racial differences in skeletal calcium retention in adolescent girls with varied controlled calcium intakes","volume":"85","author":"Braun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq316","article-title":"Racial differences in postprandial mineral ion handling in health and in chronic kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.01.023","article-title":"The morphological association between microcracks and osteocyte lacunae in human cortical bone","volume":"37","author":"Qiu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.07.004","article-title":"Differences in osteocyte and lacunar density between Black and White American women","volume":"38","author":"Qiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1138\/20060233","article-title":"Mechanosensation and transduction in osteocytes","volume":"3","author":"Bonewald","year":"2006","journal-title":"BoneKEy-Osteov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2016.09.003","article-title":"The role of the osteocyte in bone and nonbone disease","volume":"46","author":"Bonewald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.12.008","article-title":"3D osteocyte lacunar morphometric properties and distributions in human femoral cortical bone using synchrotron radiation micro-CT images","volume":"60","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2012.102","article-title":"Aging mechanisms in bone","volume":"1","author":"Almeida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10058","article-title":"Histomorphometric assessment of Haversian canal and osteocyte lacunae in different-sized osteons in human rib","volume":"272","author":"Qiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. A: Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.9.1657","article-title":"Reduced iliac cancellous osteocyte density in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fracture","volume":"18","author":"Qiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.12.007","article-title":"Maturity- and sex-related changes in tibial bone geometry, strength and bone-muscle strength indices during growth: a 20-month pQCT study","volume":"36","author":"Macdonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.091034","article-title":"Bone microstructure at the distal tibia provides a strength advantage to males in late puberty: an HR-pQCT study","volume":"25","author":"Burrows","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.02.021","article-title":"Regional variations of gender-specific and age-related differences in trabecular bone structure of the distal radius and tibia","volume":"46","author":"Sode","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.497","article-title":"Biological constraints that limit compensation of a common skeletal trait variant lead to inequivalence of tibial function among healthy young adults","volume":"26","author":"Jepsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.46","article-title":"Rapid growth produces transient cortical weakness: a risk factor for metaphyseal fractures during puberty","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081255","article-title":"Bone structure at the distal radius during adolescent growth","volume":"24","author":"Kirmani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.552","article-title":"Cortical porosity is higher in boys compared with girls at the distal radius and distal tibia during pubertal growth: an HR-pQCT study","volume":"27","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2982","article-title":"Sex differences and growth-related adaptations in bone microarchitecture, geometry, density, and strength from childhood to early adulthood: A mixed longitudinal HR-pQCT study","volume":"32","author":"Gabel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4455","article-title":"Age-based reference ranges for annual height velocity in US children","volume":"99","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.04.041","article-title":"Prediction of adult height using maturity-based cumulative height velocity curves","volume":"147","author":"Sherar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2015","article-title":"Estrogens and androgens in skeletal physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"97","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460903049074","article-title":"References for growth and pubertal development from birth to 21 years in Flanders, Belgium","volume":"36","author":"Roelants","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.050306","article-title":"Age of attainment of peak bone mass is site specific in Swedish men\u2013the GOOD study","volume":"20","author":"Lorentzon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060904","article-title":"Bone fragility: failure of periosteal apposition to compensate for increased endocortical resorption in postmenopausal women","volume":"21","author":"Szulc","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60320-0","article-title":"Intracortical remodelling and porosity in the distal radius and post-mortem femurs of women: A cross-sectional study","volume":"375","author":"Zebaze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Bone"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S8756328217302405?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S8756328217302405?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T03:39:13Z","timestamp":1762659553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S8756328217302405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["S8756328217302405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["8756-3282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8756-3282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bone mass, microarchitecture and strength are influenced by race\/ethnicity in young adult men and women","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Bone","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2017.07.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}