{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T15:58:22Z","timestamp":1793030302805,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,29]],"date-time":"2004-05-29T10:10:05Z","timestamp":1085825405000},"page":"477-492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Inflammation and the acute respiratory distress syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ettore","family":"Crimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur S","family":"Slutsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9441(94)90033-7","article-title":"Report of the American\u2013European Consensus conference on acute respiratory distress syndrome: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Consensus Committee","volume":"9","author":"Bernard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Critical Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.5.452","article-title":"The pulmonary physician in critical care. 5. Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: definitions and epidemiology","volume":"57","author":"Atabai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB3","series-title":"TaskForce on Problems, Research Approaches, Needs: The Lung Program","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1988.tb05652.x","article-title":"Adult respiratory distress syndrome\u2014how many cases in the UK?","volume":"43","author":"Webster","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/140.3.814","article-title":"The incidence of the adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"140","author":"Villar","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB6","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Incidence, severity, and mortality of acute respiratory failure in Berlin, Germany","volume":"151","author":"Lewandowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663811","article-title":"Incidence of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in the state of Utah","volume":"152","author":"Thomsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.6.9808136","article-title":"Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. The ARF Study Group","volume":"159","author":"Luhr","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.suppl_1.74S-a","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute lung injury and ARDS","volume":"116","author":"Hudson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S276","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057904.62683.2B","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Rubenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(82)90612-2","article-title":"Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"144","author":"Pepe","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-5-593","article-title":"Adult respiratory distress syndrome: risk with common predispositions","volume":"98","author":"Fowler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.2.7842182","article-title":"Clinical risks for development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"151","author":"Hudson","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057845.77458.25","article-title":"Chronic alcohol abuse, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction","volume":"3","author":"Moss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.10.2.108","article-title":"Trauma, inflammatory cells and ARDS","volume":"10","author":"Donnelly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520280052039","article-title":"Improved survival of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): 1983\u20131993","volume":"273","author":"Milberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB17","first-page":"485","article-title":"Causes of mortality in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Montgomery","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.6.8520742","article-title":"Identification of patients with acute lung injury. Predictors of mortality","volume":"152","author":"Doyle","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.4.9704088","article-title":"Acute lung injury in the medical ICU: comorbid conditions, age, etiology, and hospital outcome","volume":"157","author":"Zilberberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.4.9802009","article-title":"Early predictive factors of survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. A multivariate analysis","volume":"158","author":"Monchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.2.2011093","article-title":"Efficacy of low tidal volume ventilation in patients with different clinical risk factors for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"164","author":"Eisner","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.6.540","article-title":"The pulmonary physician in critical care. 6. The pathogenesis of ALI\/ARDS","volume":"57","author":"Bellingan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.168.1.3380985","article-title":"Hydrostatic versus increased permeability pulmonary edema: diagnosis based on radiographic criteria in critically ill patients","volume":"168","author":"Aberle","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510460064035","article-title":"Lung structure and function in different stages of severe adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Gattinoni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.1.196","article-title":"Pulmonary fibrosis correlates with outcome in adult respiratory distress syndrome. A study in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"107","author":"Martin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.3.9701124","article-title":"Early detection of type III procollagen peptide in acute lung injury. Pathogenetic and prognostic significance","volume":"156","author":"Chesnutt","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.1.27","article-title":"Effect of granulocyte depletion in a ventilated surfactant-depleted lung","volume":"62","author":"Kawano","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200102000-00001","article-title":"Neutrophil activation and acute lung injury","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Critical Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S195","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057843.47705.E8","article-title":"Neutrophils and acute lung injury","volume":"3","author":"Abraham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB30","first-page":"218","article-title":"Lung neutrophils in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical and pathophysiologic significance","volume":"133","author":"Weiland","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.4.9105054","article-title":"Biological markers of acute lung injury: prognostic and pathogenetic significance","volume":"155","author":"Pittet","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608283150904","article-title":"Adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe neutropenia","volume":"315","author":"Ognibene","year":"1986","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09091858","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar and systemic cytokine profiles in patients with ARDS, severe pneumonia and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema","volume":"9","author":"Schutte","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.5.1016","article-title":"High bronchoalveolar levels of tumor necrosis factor and its inhibitors, interleukin-1, interferon, and elastase, in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome after trauma, shock, or sepsis","volume":"145","author":"Suter","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90772-1","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor in bronchopulmonary secretions of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Millar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704103361506","article-title":"Nuclear factor-\u03baB\u2014a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammation diseases","volume":"337","author":"Barnes","year":"1997","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70075-1","article-title":"Clinical trials for severe sepsis. Past failures, and future hopes","volume":"13","author":"Opal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2104013","article-title":"Cytokine balance in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"164","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200202000-00002","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Fink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Critical Care"},{"issue":"supplement 6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.6_suppl.314S","article-title":"Oxidant\u2013antioxidant balance in acute lung injury","volume":"122","author":"Lang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340051185","article-title":"Oxygen free radicals in ARDS, septic shock and organ dysfunction","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050813","article-title":"Antioxidant status in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Metnitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intensive Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.2.2004187","article-title":"Nitric oxide and nitrotyrosine in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"163","author":"Sittipunt","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.2005068","article-title":"Increased levels of nitrate and surfactant protein a nitration in the pulmonary edema fluid of patients with acute lung injury","volume":"163","author":"Zhu","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"supplement 4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S184","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057841.33876.B1","article-title":"The role of apoptosis in acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"supplement 4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057846.21303.AB","article-title":"Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and fibrin deposition in acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Idell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"supplement 4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S231","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057848.27456.04","article-title":"Tissue factor-dependent coagulation protease signaling in acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Ruf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surfactant and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Critical care rounds","volume":"2","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Canadian Critical Care Society"},{"issue":"supplement 6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.6_suppl.340S","article-title":"Alveolar fluid clearance in patients with ARDS: does it make a difference?","volume":"122","author":"Matthay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"supplement 4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S272","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057903.11528.6D","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Villar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2108086","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion\/deletion polymorphism is associated with susceptibility and outcome in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Marshall","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9604014","article-title":"Ventilator-induced lung injury: lessons from experimental studies","volume":"157","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.5.8173774","article-title":"Tidal ventilation at low airway pressures can augment lung injury","volume":"149","author":"Muscedere","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09051055","article-title":"Computed tomography in adult respiratory distress syndrome: what has it taught us?","volume":"9","author":"Pelosi","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-194412000-00001","article-title":"Malignant interstitial emphysema of the lungs and mediastinum as an important occult complication in many respiratory diseases and other conditions: an interpretation of clinical literature in the light of laboratory experiments","volume":"23","author":"Macklin","year":"1944","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.5.1159","article-title":"High inflation pressure pulmonary edema. Respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure","volume":"137","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International consensus conferences in intensive care medicine: ventilator-associated lung injury in ARDS. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 1999; 160: 2118\u20132124.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.6.ats16060"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB58","first-page":"482","article-title":"Ventilator-induced injury: from barotrauma to biotrauma","volume":"110","author":"Tremblay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.7.635","article-title":"The pulmonary physician in critical care. 7. Ventilator induced lung injury","volume":"57","author":"Whitehead","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.4.97-01052","article-title":"Impairment of lung and chest wall mechanics in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: role of abdominal distension","volume":"156","author":"Ranieri","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.5_Pt_1.1115","article-title":"Histopathologic pulmonary changes from mechanical ventilation at high peak airway pressures","volume":"143","author":"Tsuno","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119259","article-title":"Injurious ventilatory strategies increase cytokines and c-fos m-RNA expression in an isolated rat lung model","volume":"99","author":"Tremblay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9608052","article-title":"Hyperventilation induces release of cytokines from perfused mouse","volume":"157","author":"von Bethmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.1.9803046","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation affects local and systemic cytokines in an animal model of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"160","author":"Chiumello","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.2.510","article-title":"Intratracheal anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury in rabbits","volume":"87","author":"Imai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149509068830","article-title":"Effect of IL-1 blockade on inflammatory manifestations of acute ventilator-induced lung injury in a rabbit model","volume":"21","author":"Narimanbekov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Experimental Lung Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.4.1645","article-title":"Invited review: mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury: a perspective","volume":"89","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.1.9908110","article-title":"Adverse ventilatory strategy causes pulmonary-to-systemic translocation of endotoxin","volume":"162","author":"Murphy","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199710000-00026","article-title":"Effect of mechanical ventilation strategy on dissemination of intratracheally instilled Escherichia coli in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Nahum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.suppl_1.9S-a","article-title":"Lung injury caused by mechanical ventilation","volume":"116","author":"Slutsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.6.9709092","article-title":"Multiple system organ failure. Is mechanical ventilation a contributing factor?","volume":"157","author":"Slutsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.16.2104","article-title":"Injurious mechanical ventilation and end-organ epithelial cell apoptosis and organ dysfunction in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"289","author":"Imai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.54","article-title":"Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"282","author":"Ranieri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the Americal Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.1.43","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation as a mediator of multisystem organ failure in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"284","author":"Ranieri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.8.729","article-title":"The pulmonary physician in critical care. 8. Ventilatory management of ALI\/ARDS","volume":"57","author":"Cordingley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199802053380603","article-title":"Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pressure- and Volume-Limited Ventilation Strategy Group","volume":"338","author":"Stewart","year":"1998","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.6.9801044","article-title":"Tidal volume reduction for prevention of ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Multicenter Trial Group on Tidal Volume reduction in ARDS","volume":"158","author":"Brochard","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199908000-00015","article-title":"Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing traditional versus reduced tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients","volume":"27","author":"Brower","year":"1999","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199802053380602","article-title":"Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"338","author":"Amato","year":"1998","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","article-title":"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","year":"2000","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/rr15","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation: lessons from the ARDSNet trial","volume":"1","author":"Slutsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Respiratory Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2105050","article-title":"ARDSNet lower tidal volume ventilatory strategy may generate intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"165","author":"de Durante","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB83","series-title":"Principle and Practice of Intensive Care Medicine","first-page":"597","article-title":"Respiratory pressure\u2013volume curves","author":"Brochard","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.1.9708049","article-title":"The pressure\u2013volume curve is greatly modified by recruitment. A mathematical model of ARDS lungs","volume":"158","author":"Hickling","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.9905084","article-title":"Best compliance during a decremental, but not incremental, positive end-expiratory pressure trial is related to open-lung positive end-expiratory pressure: a mathematical model of acute respiratory distress syndrome lungs","volume":"163","author":"Hickling","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.1.2007010","article-title":"Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: an experimental study","volume":"164","author":"Pelosi","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.1.2007011","article-title":"Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: a clinical study","volume":"164","author":"Crotti","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200202000-00006","article-title":"Reinterpreting the pressure\u2013volume curve in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Hickling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Critical Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200011000-00027","article-title":"Pressure\u2013time curve predicts minimally injurious ventilatory strategy in an isolated rat lung model","volume":"93","author":"Ranieri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200302000-00005","article-title":"Where are we with recruitment maneuvers in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome?","volume":"9","author":"Richard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Critical Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010043","article-title":"Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure","volume":"345","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2001","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.1.8025748","article-title":"Mechanism by which the prone position improves oxygenation in acute lung injury","volume":"150","author":"Lamm","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199812000-00044","article-title":"Has high-frequency ventilation been inappropriately discarded in adult acute respiratory distress syndrome?","volume":"26","author":"Herridge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"supplement 4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S317","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057910.50618.EB","article-title":"High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome in adult patients","volume":"31","author":"Derdak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9802600102","article-title":"Liquid ventilation","volume":"26","author":"Leonard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anaesthesia in Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.3.7.875","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"3","author":"dos Santos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"supplement 4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S324","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057911.19145.9F","article-title":"Role of exogenous surfactant in acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.2.9809110","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide and vasoconstrictors in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"160","author":"Papazian","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.1.164","article-title":"A trial of antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and procysteine in ARDS. The Antioxidant in ARDS Study Group","volume":"112","author":"Bernard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"supplement 4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S253","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057900.19201.55","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.159","article-title":"Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"280","author":"Meduri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"supplement 4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007_BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S329","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057912.71499.A5","article-title":"Anticoagulant therapy in acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Laterre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521689603001216?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521689603001216?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:28:07Z","timestamp":1776425287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521689603001216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521689603001216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-3740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-3740","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Inflammation and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.12.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}