{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:08:28Z","timestamp":1789981708267,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Anaesthesiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,17]],"date-time":"2008-08-17T05:22:32Z","timestamp":1218950552000},"page":"477-502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bioterrorism and the anaesthesiologist's perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Dichtwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avi A.","family":"Weinbroum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107985","article-title":"Hazards of chemical weapons release during war: new perspectives","volume":"107","author":"Reutter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03180390041009","article-title":"Prevention and management of organophosphate poisoning","volume":"216","author":"Milby","year":"1971","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.3.631","article-title":"Respiratory failure of acute organophospate and carbamate poisoning","volume":"98","author":"Tsao","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3180833","article-title":"Aging of phosphylated human acetylcholinesterase: catalytic processes mediated by aromatic and polar residues of the active center","volume":"318","author":"Shafferman","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92637-2","article-title":"Sarin poisoning in Tokyo subway","volume":"345","author":"Masuda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540270057027","article-title":"Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in the gulf war. A cross-sectional epidemiologic study","volume":"277","author":"Haley","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldh038","article-title":"Pathophysiological and clinical aspects of combat anticholinesterase poisoning","volume":"72","author":"Weinbroum","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2006.12.004","article-title":"Nonconventional terror: the anesthesiologist's role in a nerve agent event","volume":"25","author":"Talmor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology Clinics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.81.1.121","article-title":"Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in infants and children","volume":"81","author":"Zwiener","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib10","series-title":"The White Book","first-page":"66","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719301200407","article-title":"A scale to assess severity in organophosphorus intoxication: POP scale","volume":"12","author":"Senanayake","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human & Experimental Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(91)90183-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of oral pyridostigmine and cholinolytic-oxime therapy against soman intoxication in nonhuman primates","volume":"17","author":"Von Bredow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fundamental and Applied Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(00)00216-1","article-title":"Anesthesia and critical care considerations in nerve agent warfare trauma casualties","volume":"47","author":"Weinbroum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib14","first-page":"656","article-title":"Survey of symptoms following intake of pyridostigmine during the Persian Gulf war","volume":"27","author":"Sharabi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib15","series-title":"The White Book","first-page":"66","article-title":"Medical treatment of organoposphate casualties","author":"Luria","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib16","first-page":"664","article-title":"The effect of pyridostigmine on respiratory function in healthy and asthmatic volunteers","volume":"27","author":"Ram","year":"1991","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib17","series-title":"Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Chemical warfare","author":"Ellenhorn","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib18","first-page":"169","article-title":"Resuscitative challenges in nerve agent poisoning","volume":"10","author":"Ben-Abraham","year":"2003","journal-title":"The European Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5750","DOI":"10.1021\/bi992906r","article-title":"Mechanism of oxime reactivation of acetylcholinesterase analyzed by chirality and mutagenesis","volume":"39","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01332.x","article-title":"Atropine and oxime treatment in lethal soman poisoning of anaesthetized guinea-pigs: Hlo7 dimethanesulfide versus HI6 dichloride","volume":"72","author":"Worek","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacology & Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200210000-00035","article-title":"Practical guidelines for acute care of victims of bioterrorism: conventional injuries and concomitant nerve agent intoxication","volume":"97","author":"Ben-Abraham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200402000-00014","article-title":"Laryngeal mask airway insertion by anesthetists and nonanesthetists wearing unconventional protective gear","volume":"100","author":"Flaishon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib23","first-page":"799","article-title":"Terror and medicine-the challenge","volume":"3","author":"Shemer","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Israel Medical Association Journal: IMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200402000-00013","article-title":"Antichemical protective gear prolongs time to successful airway management","volume":"100","author":"Flaishon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1197\/S1069-6563(03)00546-3","article-title":"Intraosseous emergency access by physicians wearing full protective gear","volume":"10","author":"Ben-Abraham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Academic Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib26","first-page":"569","article-title":"Anesthesia for gas casualties","volume":"137","author":"Ben Abraham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Harefuah"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200210000-00004","article-title":"Preparing for bioterrorism","volume":"97","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.10.026","article-title":"Assessing hospital disaster preparedness: a comparison of an on-site survey, directly observed drill performance, and video analysis of teamwork","author":"Kaji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2001.118009","article-title":"Hospital preparedness for weapons of mass destruction incidents: an initial assessment","volume":"38","author":"Treat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.10.004","article-title":"Biphasic extrathoracic cuirass ventilation for resuscitation","volume":"23","author":"Gur","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2004.02.007","article-title":"Application of a cuirass and institution of biphasic extra-thoracic ventilation by gear-protected physicians","volume":"19","author":"Ben-Abraham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Critical Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib32","first-page":"284","article-title":"The CompPac: a new approach to field and general emergency ventilation","volume":"71","author":"Baker","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Review of the Armed Forces Medical Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2005.00325.x","article-title":"The pharmacology, toxicology, and medical treatment of sulphur mustard poisoning","volume":"19","author":"Balali-Mood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2005.01945.x","article-title":"Mustard: a potential agent of chemical warfare and terrorism","volume":"31","author":"Saladi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.2.196","article-title":"Liquid sulfur mustard exposure","volume":"172","author":"Newmark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib36","series-title":"Terror and Medicine: Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism","first-page":"172","article-title":"Mustard gas \u2013 clinical implications and management","author":"Eisenkraft","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550050061035","article-title":"Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents","volume":"278","author":"Franz","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib38","series-title":"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine","first-page":"1279","article-title":"Microbial bioterrorism","author":"Lane","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib39","first-page":"499","article-title":"Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness","volume":"9","author":"Gilad","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Israel Medical Association Journal: IMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib40","series-title":"Terror and Medicine: Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism","first-page":"251","article-title":"Anthrax \u2013 an overview, 2003","author":"Nofech-Mozes","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.17.2236","article-title":"Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management","volume":"287","author":"Inglesby","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib42","series-title":"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine","first-page":"842","article-title":"Botulism","author":"Abrutyn","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib43","first-page":"55","article-title":"Botulism: the present status of disease","volume":"195","author":"Hatheway","year":"1995","journal-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib44","series-title":"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine","first-page":"921","article-title":"Plague and other yersinia infections","author":"Dennis","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80028-8","article-title":"Yersinia enterocolitica: overview and epidemiologic correlates","volume":"1","author":"Bottone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes and Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.15.1901","article-title":"Contact vaccinia \u2013 transmission of vaccinia from smallpox vaccination","volume":"288","author":"Neff","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Israel Medical Association Journal: IMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390811","article-title":"Poxvirus dilemmas \u2013 monkeypox, smallpox, and biological terrorism","volume":"339","author":"Breman","year":"1998","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.21.2763","article-title":"Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management","volume":"285","author":"Dennis","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.18.2391","article-title":"Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management","volume":"287","author":"Borio","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib50","series-title":"Terror and Medicine: Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism","first-page":"309","article-title":"Hemorrhagic fevers and bioterrorism","author":"Berger","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.08.008","article-title":"Comparison of the inhibitory effects of interferon alfacon-1 and ribavirin on yellow fever virus infection in a hamster model","volume":"73","author":"Julander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70230-1","article-title":"Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients","volume":"34","author":"Burgess","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib53","series-title":"Terror and Medicine: Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism","first-page":"96","article-title":"Personal protection against chemical and biological warfare agents","author":"Eisenkraft","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib54","series-title":"Medical Guide for Evaluation and Treatment of Biological Warfare Casualties","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.18.1735","article-title":"Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense","volume":"281","author":"Inglesby","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib56","series-title":"Terror and Medicine: Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism","first-page":"51","article-title":"Hospital management of a bioterror event","author":"Shapira","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib57","series-title":"Chemical Warfare Medicine","first-page":"19","article-title":"Eighty years of the threat and use of chemical warfare: the medical-organizational challenge","author":"Shemer","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00005173","article-title":"Financing hospital disaster preparedness","volume":"22","author":"De Lorenzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107263450411","article-title":"Ready or not- preparedness for bioterrorism","volume":"345","author":"Khan","year":"2001","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.2.252","article-title":"Domestic preparedness for events involving weapons of mass destruction","volume":"283","author":"Waeckerle","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.07.008","article-title":"Development of antidotes: problems and strategies","volume":"233","author":"Szinicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Anaesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521689608000487?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521689608000487?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:41:45Z","timestamp":1776440505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521689608000487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521689608000487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-3740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-3740","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bioterrorism and the anaesthesiologist's perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.05.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}