{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:57:57Z","timestamp":1777568277036,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T12:15:34Z","timestamp":1395404134000},"page":"91-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Perioperative analgesia and challenges in the drug-addicted and drug-dependent patient"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nalini","family":"Vadivelu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukanya","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan David","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Urman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(93)90155-O","article-title":"Addiction in the treatment of pain: significance, recognition, and management","volume":"8","author":"Savage","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib2","first-page":"367","article-title":"Anesthesiologic preoperative evaluation of drug addicted patient","volume":"71","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2005","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.3.369","article-title":"The underreporting of cocaine-related trauma: drug abuse warning network reports vs hospital toxicology tests","volume":"83","author":"Brookoff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib4","first-page":"8","article-title":"Cocaine users present unique anesthetic challenges: part 1","volume":"36","author":"Feinstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiol News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib5","first-page":"95","article-title":"The cocaine addicted patient","volume":"chapter 5","author":"Kaye","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1948.tb27252.x","article-title":"Pharmacology of methadone and related compunds","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ann New York Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-6-200903170-00103","article-title":"QTc interval screening in methadone treatment","volume":"150","author":"Krantz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)10630-7","article-title":"Serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibiting activity of centrally acting analgesics: structural determinants and role in antinociception","volume":"274","author":"Codd","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2004.05.002","article-title":"Methadone\u2013metabolism, pharmacokinetics and interactions","volume":"50","author":"Ferrari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.6.332","article-title":"Methadone and metabolite urine concentrations in patients maintained on methadone","volume":"27","author":"Preston","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.04.002","article-title":"Cooperative N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism and mu-opioid receptor agonism mediate the methadone inhibition of the spinal neuron pain-related hyperactivity in a rat model of neuropathic pain","volume":"60","author":"Sotgiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181d8a095","article-title":"Intraoperative methadone improves postoperative pain control in patients undergoing complex spine surgery","volume":"112","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00325-3","article-title":"Opioid detoxification with buprenorphine, clonidine, or methadone in hospitalized heroin-dependent patients with HIV infection","volume":"69","author":"Umbricht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999109001604","article-title":"Buprenorphine for pain relief in a patient with drug abuse","volume":"17","author":"Hughes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-1225-0","article-title":"Methadone deaths: risk factors in pain and addicted populations","volume":"25","author":"Modesto-Lowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.03.028","article-title":"Opioid dependence and addiction during opioid treatment of chronic pain","volume":"129","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2006.08.004","article-title":"Addiction to opioids in chronic pain patients: a literature review","volume":"11","author":"H\u00f8jsted","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v18n04_05","article-title":"Alterations in methadone metabolism during late pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Jarvis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e328320a3fd","article-title":"Genetic variants altering dopamine D2 receptor expression or function modulate the risk of opiate addiction and the dosage requirements of methadone substitution","volume":"19","author":"Doehring","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genomics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.11.103","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A4 are associated with withdrawal symptoms and adverse reactions in methadone maintenance patients","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019527","article-title":"Contribution of cytochrome P450 and ABCB1 genetic variability on methadone pharmacokinetics, dose requirements","volume":"6","author":"Fonseca","year":"2011","journal-title":"response PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.09.011","article-title":"ABCB1 genetic variability and methadone dosage requirements in opioid-dependent individuals","volume":"80","author":"Coller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2009.00008.x","article-title":"Indicators of buprenorphine and methadone use and abuse: what do we know?","volume":"19","author":"Maxwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00205-7","article-title":"QTc interval prolongation associated with intravenous methadone","volume":"105","author":"Kornick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00906-8","article-title":"QT prolongation and Torsades de Pointes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus and treated with methadone","volume":"92","author":"Gil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-6-200209170-00010","article-title":"Torsade de pointes associated with very-high-dose methadone","volume":"137","author":"Krantz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000132347.81455.57","article-title":"QT interval prolongation in patients on methadone with concomitant drugs","volume":"24","author":"Piguet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v24n01_05","article-title":"Cocaine-related torsade de pointes in a methadone maintenance patient","volume":"24","author":"Krantz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2011.620601","article-title":"Methadone: a review of drug-drug and pathophysiological interactions","volume":"48","author":"Kapur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000162805.46453.e3","article-title":"Inhibition of CYP2D6 activity by bupropion","volume":"25","author":"Kotlyar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200702000-00005","article-title":"Comparison of duloxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline effects on cytochrome P450 2D6 function in healthy volunteers","volume":"27","author":"Preskorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02025.x","article-title":"Risk of fatal overdose during and after specialist drug treatment: the VEdeTTE study, a national multi-site prospective cohort study","volume":"102","author":"Davoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-197917020-00001","article-title":"Buprenorphine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy","volume":"17","author":"Heel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544070-00001","article-title":"Buprenorphine: clinical pharmacokinetics in the treatment of opioid dependence","volume":"44","author":"Elkader","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(90)90078-S","article-title":"Safety and side-effects of buprenorphine in the clinical management of heroin addiction","volume":"26","author":"Lange","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.5.797","article-title":"A\u00a0stepped care strategy using buprenorphine and methadone versus conventional methadone maintenance in heroin dependence: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"164","author":"Kakko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9358","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12600-1","article-title":"1-year retention and social function after buprenorphine-assisted relapse prevention treatment for heroin dependence in Sweden: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Kakko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mjt.0000160935.62883.ff","article-title":"Sublingual buprenorphine is effective in the treatment of chronic pain syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Malinoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2003.07.008","article-title":"Urine drug testing in pain medicine","volume":"27","author":"Heit","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg133","article-title":"Old dog\u2013new (ma)trix","volume":"90","author":"Budd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00010","article-title":"Acute pain management for patients receiving maintenance methadone or buprenorphine therapy","volume":"144","author":"Alford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0503300104","article-title":"High-dose buprenorphine: perioperative precautions and management strategies","volume":"33","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1985.tb02181.x","article-title":"Sublingual buprenorphine for premedication and postoperative pain relief in orthopaedic surgery","volume":"29","author":"Risbo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib44","first-page":"493","article-title":"Periodic sublingual buprenorphine for pain relief after upper abdominal surgery","volume":"38","author":"Hayakawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Masui"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01189.x","article-title":"Sublingual buprenorphine used postoperatively: clinical observations and preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Bullingham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.005","article-title":"Buprenorphine: considerations for pain management","volume":"29","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/64.3.276","article-title":"Buprenorphine disposition in patients with renal impairment: single and continuous dosing, with special reference to metabolites","volume":"64","author":"Hand","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1985.tb11063.x","article-title":"Buprenorphine in end stage renal failure","volume":"40","author":"Summerfield","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521689614000093?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521689614000093?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:48:08Z","timestamp":1776412088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521689614000093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521689614000093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-3740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-3740","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Perioperative analgesia and challenges in the drug-addicted and drug-dependent patient","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.02.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}