{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:08:20Z","timestamp":1788930500388,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006510","name":"Duke University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Anaesthesiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T11:33:58Z","timestamp":1587641638000},"page":"735-747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The optimum management of nausea and vomiting during and after cesarean delivery"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Hon Sen","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6980-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf S.","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.159293","article-title":"Size and distribution of the global volume of surgery in 2012","volume":"94","author":"Weiser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2004.12.004","article-title":"Intraoperative nausea and vomiting during cesarean section under regional anesthesia","volume":"14","author":"Balki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182839fee","article-title":"Antiemetics added to phenylephrine infusion during cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"121","author":"Habib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000167774.36833.99","article-title":"Patient preferences for anesthesia outcomes associated with cesarean delivery","volume":"101","author":"Carvalho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib5","volume":"vol. 7","author":"Ituk","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bja.a013383","article-title":"Patient satisfaction after anaesthesia and surgery: results of a prospective survey of 10,811 patients","volume":"84","author":"Myles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2010.02239.x","article-title":"Definitions of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: literature search and application to parturients","volume":"54","author":"Klohr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/44.9.967","article-title":"Effects of anaesthetics on the splanchnic circulation","volume":"44","author":"Cooperman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14841","article-title":"Prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"75","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14080","article-title":"International consensus statement on the management of hypotension with vasopressors during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia","volume":"73","author":"Kinsella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12445","article-title":"Prophylactic phenylephrine for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Heesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000437731.60260.ce","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of variable rate phenylephrine infusion with rescue phenylephrine boluses versus rescue boluses alone on physician interventions during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery","volume":"118","author":"Siddik-Sayyid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181e1db21","article-title":"A\u00a0double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of four fixed rate infusion regimens of phenylephrine for hemodynamic support during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery","volume":"111","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh088","article-title":"Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section","volume":"92","author":"Ngan Kee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200510000-00012","article-title":"Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration","volume":"103","author":"Ngan Kee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib16","first-page":"CD002251","article-title":"Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section","volume":"8","author":"Chooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001737","article-title":"Left lateral table tilt for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia has No effect on neonatal acid-base status: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1990.tb03050.x","article-title":"Visceral pain during caesarean section under spinal and epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine","volume":"34","author":"Alahuhta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199712000-00020","article-title":"Intrathecal sufentanil, fentanyl, or placebo added to bupivacaine for cesarean section","volume":"85","author":"Dahlgren","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200005000-00030","article-title":"Intrathecal fentanyl is superior to intravenous ondansetron for the prevention of perioperative nausea during cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia","volume":"90","author":"Manullang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200207000-00037","article-title":"Intrathecal versus intravenous fentanyl for supplementation of subarachnoid block during cesarean delivery","volume":"95","author":"Siddik-Sayyid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003975","article-title":"Efficacy of intrathecal fentanyl for cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis","volume":"130","author":"Uppal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib23","first-page":"149","article-title":"The effect of intrathecal bupivacaine with combined fentanyl in cesarean section","volume":"33","author":"Chu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Sin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199205000-00006","article-title":"Clinical effects of intrathecally administered fentanyl in patients undergoing cesarean section","volume":"74","author":"Belzarena","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-200308000-00007","article-title":"Sufentanil added to hyperbaric bupivacaine for subarachnoid block in Caesarean section","volume":"20","author":"Braga Ade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199912000-00045","article-title":"Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of intrathecal opioids in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"91","author":"Dahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198512000-00025","article-title":"Epidural fentanyl for postcesarean delivery pain management","volume":"63","author":"Naulty","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1987.tb05220.x","article-title":"Comparison of epidural fentanyl with sufentanil. Analgesia and side effects after a single bolus dose during elective caesarean section","volume":"42","author":"Madej","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198803000-00024","article-title":"Epidural sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after cesarean section","volume":"68","author":"Rosen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/48.6.571","article-title":"Ergometrine, oxytocin and extradural analgesia","volume":"48","author":"Moodie","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70271-1","article-title":"Double-blind comparison of carbetocin versus oxytocin in prevention of uterine atony after cesarean section","volume":"180","author":"Dansereau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1054\/ijoa.2002.0970","article-title":"Haemodynamic changes caused by oxytocin during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia","volume":"11","author":"Pinder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib33","first-page":"131","article-title":"Uterine exteriorization versus intraperitoneal repair: effect on intraoperative nausea and vomiting during repeat cesarean delivery - a randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Abdellah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Facts Views Vis Obgyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000277712.67230.22","article-title":"Complications of exteriorized compared with in situ uterine repair at cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"110","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1055723","article-title":"Intra-abdominal saline irrigation at cesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Eke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib36","first-page":"69","article-title":"Effects of epidural fentanyl and intravenous flurbiprofen for visceral pain during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia","volume":"15","author":"Ishiyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S184","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.122592","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: an obstetric syndrome","volume":"186","author":"Goodwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200512000-00025","article-title":"Does multimodal analgesia with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and patient-controlled analgesia morphine offer advantages over morphine alone? Meta-analyses of randomized trials","volume":"103","author":"Elia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq406","article-title":"Paracetamol and selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the reduction in morphine-related side-effects after major surgery: a systematic review","volume":"106","author":"Maund","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1996.tb12622.x","article-title":"Intrathecal administration of morphine for elective Caesarean section. A comparison between 0.1 mg and 0.2 mg","volume":"51","author":"Milner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03012975","article-title":"Comparison of 0.25 mg and 0.1 mg intrathecal morphine for analgesia after Cesarean section","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200004000-00021","article-title":"Postcesarean epidural morphine: a dose-response study","volume":"90","author":"Palmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg249","article-title":"Epidural versus intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after Caesarean section","volume":"91","author":"Duale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001255","article-title":"The effect of intrathecal morphine dose on outcomes after elective cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Sultan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei085","article-title":"Effects of acetaminophen on morphine side-effects and consumption after major surgery: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"94","author":"Remy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12380","article-title":"Adverse effects of perioperative paracetamol, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, gabapentinoids and their combinations: a topical review","volume":"58","author":"Mathiesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200104000-00038","article-title":"The effect of intravenous ketorolac on opioid requirement and pain after cesarean delivery","volume":"92","author":"Pavy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181cf9281","article-title":"Combining paracetamol (acetaminophen) with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a qualitative systematic review of analgesic efficacy for acute postoperative pain","volume":"110","author":"Ong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2016.09.010","article-title":"Optimal pain management after cesarean delivery","volume":"35","author":"Sutton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14546","article-title":"Fixed time interval compared with on-demand oral analgesia protocols for post-caesarean pain: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Yefet","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2015.03.006","article-title":"Scheduled acetaminophen with as-needed opioids compared to as-needed acetaminophen plus opioids for post-cesarean pain management","volume":"24","author":"Valentine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-012-9729-1","article-title":"Transversus abdominis plane block for analgesia after Cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Mishriky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2020.02.005","article-title":"Quadratus lumborum block for postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.20516","article-title":"AGA technical review on nausea and vomiting","volume":"120","author":"Quigley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib55","first-page":"CD012212","article-title":"Supplemental perioperative intravenous crystalloids for postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"3","author":"Jewer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199909000-00022","article-title":"A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers","volume":"91","author":"Apfel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1997.117-az0113.x","article-title":"A survey of postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"52","author":"Koivuranta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000002","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"118","author":"Gan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib59","article-title":"Risk scores for PONV following cesarean delivery","volume":"2017","author":"Habib","year":"2017","journal-title":"ASA Annual Meeting"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199207000-00023","article-title":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Its etiology, treatment, and prevention","volume":"77","author":"Watcha","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181a45a6b","article-title":"Serotonin receptor antagonists for the prevention and treatment of pruritus, nausea, and vomiting in women undergoing cesarean delivery with intrathecal morphine: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"George","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib62","first-page":"CD007579","article-title":"Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section","author":"Griffiths","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211035","article-title":"Ondansetron in pregnancy and risk of adverse fetal outcomes","volume":"368","author":"Pasternak","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318247f628","article-title":"Dexamethasone for the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting associated with neuraxial morphine administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(02)01491-6","article-title":"Perioperative single-dose glucocorticoid administration: pathophysiologic effects and clinical implications","volume":"195","author":"Holte","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200007000-00025","article-title":"The effect of timing of dexamethasone administration on its efficacy as a prophylactic antiemetic for postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e32834296b9","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of the effect of oral premedication with dexamethasone on hyperglycaemic response to abdominal hysterectomy","volume":"28","author":"Eberhart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e328319c09b","article-title":"Dexamethasone for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis: effect on glycaemia in obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"26","author":"Nazar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004833","article-title":"4th consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1054\/ijoa.1999.0346","article-title":"Metoclopramide induced akathisia during cesarean section","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807154","article-title":"The safety of metoclopramide use in the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"360","author":"Matok","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000063923.87560.37","article-title":"Food and drug administration black box warning on the perioperative use of droperidol: a review of the cases","volume":"96","author":"Habib","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet251","article-title":"I.V. APD421 (amisulpride) prevents postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"111","author":"Kranke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002509","article-title":"Amisulpride for the rescue treatment of postoperative nausea or vomiting in patients failing prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial","volume":"130","author":"Habib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg120","article-title":"Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after spinal morphine for Caesarean section: comparison of cyclizine, dexamethasone and placebo","volume":"90","author":"Nortcliffe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S256","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.122596","article-title":"Evidence-based view of safety and effectiveness of pharmacologic therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP)","volume":"186","author":"Magee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000277494.30502.db","article-title":"Transdermal scopolamine for prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced nausea and vomiting after cesarean delivery","volume":"105","author":"Harnett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198911000-00009","article-title":"Transdermal scopolamine decreases nausea and vomiting following cesarean section in patients receiving epidural morphine","volume":"71","author":"Kotelko","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/82.2.277","article-title":"Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome","volume":"82","author":"Ure","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2012.63.3.221","article-title":"The effect of aprepitant for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery with intravenous patient controlled analgesia using fentanyl: aprepitant plus ramosetron vs ramosetron alone","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib81","article-title":"Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2006.12.489","article-title":"Cochrane systematic reviews examine P6 acupuncture-point stimulation for nausea and vomiting","volume":"12","author":"Ezzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Alternative Compl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib83","first-page":"CD003281","article-title":"Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib84","first-page":"24","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of ondansetron and P6 point acupuncture stimulation in prevention of carboprost induced nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cesarean section under subarachnoid block","author":"Wani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesth Pain Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000189217.19600.5c","article-title":"Transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation with the ReliefBand for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during and after cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia","volume":"102","author":"Habib","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/00004311-200341040-00010","article-title":"Combination antiemetics: what is the evidence?","volume":"41","author":"Habib","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032196","article-title":"A\u00a0factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"350","author":"Apfel","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib88","first-page":"993","article-title":"Prophylaxis of intra- and postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients during cesarean section in spinal anesthesia","volume":"19","author":"Voigt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Mon Int Med J Exp Clin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2006.11.004","article-title":"Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after intrathecal morphine for Cesarean section: a randomized comparison of dexamethasone, droperidol, and a combination","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i2.23","article-title":"Dexamethasone versus a combination of dexamethasone and ondansetron as prophylactic antiemetic in patients receiving intrathecal morphine for caesarean section","volume":"14","author":"Imeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2004.04.004","article-title":"The effectiveness of rescue antiemetics after failure of prophylaxis with ondansetron or droperidol: a preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Habib","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000252433.73485.be","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of ondansetron with promethazine for treating postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients who received prophylaxis with ondansetron: a retrospective database analysis","volume":"104","author":"Habib","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(99)00067-7","article-title":"Efficacy of repeat intravenous dosing of ondansetron in controlling postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial","volume":"11","author":"Kovac","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199906000-00011","article-title":"Patient-controlled antiemesis: a randomized, double-blind comparison of two doses of propofol versus placebo","volume":"90","author":"Gan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2009.06.006","article-title":"Low-dose naloxone infusion for the treatment of intractable nausea and vomiting after intrathecal morphine in a parturient","volume":"19","author":"Sposito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e32834a4e1e","article-title":"Possibilities and limitations in the pharmacological management of postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"28","author":"Kranke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.06.011","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an obstetric quality-of-recovery score (ObsQoR-11) after elective Caesarean delivery","volume":"122","author":"Ciechanowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib98","unstructured":"NICE guideline. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg132\/resources\/caesarean-section-pdf-35109507009733."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.08.006","article-title":"Guidelines for intraoperative care in cesarean delivery: enhanced recovery after surgery society recommendations (Part 2)","volume":"219","author":"Caughey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012_bib100","unstructured":"SOAP enhanced recovery after cesarean consensus statement. https:\/\/soap.org\/\/SOAP-Enhanced-Recovery-After-Cesarean-Consensus-Statement.pdf."}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Anaesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521689620300306?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521689620300306?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:50:41Z","timestamp":1776412241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521689620300306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521689620300306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-3740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-3740","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The optimum management of nausea and vomiting during and after cesarean delivery","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}