{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:16:34Z","timestamp":1788470194424,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,16]],"date-time":"2008-03-16T11:52:36Z","timestamp":1205668356000},"page":"261-278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Current endoscopic therapy of variceal bleeding"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"C\u00e0ndid","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Colomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Aracil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Guarner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50385","article-title":"Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators","volume":"38","author":"D'Amico","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07294.x","article-title":"Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding: a multicenter, cohort study","volume":"98","author":"Chalasani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20339","article-title":"Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades","volume":"40","author":"Carbonell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007133","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach","volume":"19","author":"D'Amico","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(05)70186-0","article-title":"Natural history of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"5","author":"De Franchis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044456","article-title":"Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"353","author":"Groszmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810133191505","article-title":"Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study","volume":"319","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00430-0","article-title":"Current management of portal hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Bosch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90905-1","article-title":"Portal hypertension, size of esophageal varices, and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"79","author":"Lebrec","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050313","article-title":"Portal pressure, presence of gastroesophageal varices and variceal bleeding","volume":"5","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.05.024","article-title":"Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis","volume":"133","author":"Ripoll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040614","article-title":"Hemodynamic factors involved in the development and rupture of esophageal varices: a pathophysiologic approach to treatment","volume":"6","author":"Polio","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91168-6","article-title":"Hemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propranolol versus placebo in the prevention of a first variceal hemorrhage","volume":"99","author":"Groszmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91740-3","article-title":"Relation between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"346","author":"Feu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90453-7","article-title":"Normal venous circulation of gastroesophageal junction. A\u00a0route to understanding varices","volume":"93","author":"Vianna","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib16","series-title":"Portal Hypertension in the 21st Century","first-page":"155","article-title":"Pathophysiology of variceal rupture","author":"Escorsell","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007131","article-title":"Endoscopic treatments for portal hypertension","volume":"19","author":"De Franchis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib18","first-page":"15","article-title":"Esophagic histopathologic changes induced by variceal sclerosing therapy","volume":"13","author":"Villanueva","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib19","first-page":"105","article-title":"Results of experimental endoscopic esophageal varix ligation","volume":"54","author":"Stiegmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010483","article-title":"Complications of endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices","volume":"24","author":"Baillie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib21","first-page":"823","article-title":"Complications of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy: a review","volume":"82","author":"Schuman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199206043262304","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy as compared with endoscopic ligation for bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"326","author":"Stiegmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-4-199508150-00007","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerothepary for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. A meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Laine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib24","first-page":"76","article-title":"Influence of spontaneous hemodynamic response on the efficacy of endoscopic therapy to prevent variceal rebleeding [abstract]","volume":"42","author":"Aracil","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003223","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with combined treatment with nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding","volume":"345","author":"Villanueva","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(92)90033-B","article-title":"Emergency and elective endoscopic therapy for variceal hemorrhage","volume":"6","author":"Westaby","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bailli\u00e8re's Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.00950.x","article-title":"Current endoscopic therapeutic options in the management of variceal bleeding","volume":"15","author":"Helmy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib28","first-page":"93135","article-title":"Endoscopic esophageal variceal band ligation: How intensively should we ligate?","author":"Gostout","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70428-8","article-title":"Argon plasma coagulation prevents variceal recurrence after band ligation of esophageal varices: preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial","volume":"56","author":"Cipolletta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20593","article-title":"Pantoprazole reduces the size of postbanding ulcers after variceal band ligation: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Shaheen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0323","article-title":"Endoscopic band ligation in the treatment of portal hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pag\u00e1n","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.5.738a","article-title":"Management of variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients","volume":"48","author":"Burroughs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.05.009","article-title":"Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension","volume":"43","author":"De Franchis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21907","article-title":"Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis","volume":"46","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290608","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Bernard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20126","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic therapy prevents rebleeding in acute variceal hemorrhage: a randomized trial","volume":"39","author":"Hou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91514-5","article-title":"Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage","volume":"103","author":"Soriano","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.07.010","article-title":"Norfloxacin vs Ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage","volume":"131","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92708-5","article-title":"Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinatre to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients","volume":"346","author":"Levacher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)05099-X","article-title":"Early administration of somatostatin and efficacy of sclerotherapy in acute oesophageal variceal bleeds: the European Acute Bleeding Oesophageal Variceal Episodes (ABOVE) randomised trial","volume":"350","author":"Avgerinos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440104","article-title":"Early administration of vapreotide for variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"334","author":"Cal\u00e9s","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v111.pm8898643","article-title":"Double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing terlipressin and somatostatin for acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"111","author":"Feu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.22451","article-title":"Octreotide for acute esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Corley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00269-5","article-title":"Emergency sclerotherapy versus vasoactive drugs for variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a Cochrane meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"D'Amico","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300222","article-title":"Somatostatin alone or combined with emergency sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"30","author":"Villanueva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250509","article-title":"Emergency banding ligation versus sclerotherapy for the control of active bleeding from esophageal varices","volume":"25","author":"Lo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib47","first-page":"241","article-title":"Emergency sclerotherapy vs. rubber band ligation for actively\u00a0bleeding esophageal varices in a randomized prospective study [abstract]","volume":"40","author":"Jensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220242","article-title":"Ligation: endoscopic treatment of choice for patients with bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"22","author":"Laine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92840-5","article-title":"Prospective randomised study of effect of octreotide on rebleeding from oesophageal varices after endoscopic ligation","volume":"346","author":"Sung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80105-9","article-title":"A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of somatostatin with injection sclerotherapy in the control oesophageal varices","volume":"16","author":"Shields","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.016","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing ligation and sclerotherapy as emergency endoscopic treatment added to somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding","volume":"45","author":"Villanueva","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20236","article-title":"Sustained rise of portal pressure after sclerotherapy, but not band ligation, in acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis","volume":"39","author":"Avgerinos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)70031-R","article-title":"Assessment of the risk of bleeding from esophageal varices by continuous monitoring of portal pressure","volume":"100","author":"Ready","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70455-5","article-title":"Prognostic value of early measurements of portal pressure in acute variceal bleeding","volume":"117","author":"Moitinho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.25536","article-title":"Somatostatin treatment and risk stratification by continuous portal pressure monitoring during acute variceal bleeding","volume":"121","author":"Villanueva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31354","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Ba\u00f1ares","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007132","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt","volume":"19","author":"Burroughs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00238-0","article-title":"Salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: is it really life-saving?","volume":"35","author":"Bosch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909283211303","article-title":"A comparison of sclerotherapy with staple transection of the esophagus for the emergency control of bleeding from esophageal varices","volume":"321","author":"Burroughs","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40665.x","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of terlipressin and high somatostatin dose during acute variceal bleeding in non-responders to the usual somatostatin dose","volume":"100","author":"Villanueva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00206-9","article-title":"Multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing different schedules of somatostatin in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding","volume":"35","author":"Moitinho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20386","article-title":"Influence of portal hypertension and its early decompression by TIPS placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding","volume":"40","author":"Monescillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.07.015","article-title":"Recombinant factor VIIa for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"127","author":"Bosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12778-X","article-title":"Prevention of variceal rebleeding","volume":"361","author":"Bosch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80047-5","article-title":"Propranolol and sclerotherapy in the prevention of gastrointestinal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Bernard","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8566601","article-title":"Randomized comparison of ligation plus sclerotherapy in patients with bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"110","author":"Laine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05540.x","article-title":"Combined ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-1618-9","article-title":"Combination endoscopic band ligation and sclerotherapy compared with endoscopic band ligation alone for the secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal hemorrhage: a meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Karsan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-10-869","article-title":"Propranolol compared with propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate for portal hypertension in cirrhosis. A randomized controlled study","volume":"114","author":"Garcia-Pag\u00e1n","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.8106","article-title":"Isosorbide mononitrate and propranolol compared with propranolol alone for the prevention of variceal rebleeding","volume":"31","author":"Gournay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199606203342502","article-title":"Nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate compared with sclerotherapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding","volume":"334","author":"Villanueva","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.09.013","article-title":"Hepatic vein pressure gradient reduction and prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a systematic review","volume":"131","author":"D'Amico","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50133","article-title":"Hemodynamic response to pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension and long-term prognosis of cirrhosis","volume":"37","author":"Abraldes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.01.017","article-title":"Maintenance of hemodynamic response to treatment for portal hypertension and influence on complications of cirrhosis","volume":"40","author":"Villanueva","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib75","series-title":"Portal Hypertension in the 21st Century","first-page":"337","article-title":"What to do with non-responders","author":"Villanueva","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.35955","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of medical therapy versus endoscopic ligation for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"123","author":"Patch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.35351","article-title":"Banding ligation versus nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of esophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"123","author":"Lo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03007.x","article-title":"Comparative study between nadolol and 5-isosorbide mononitrate vs endoscopic band ligation plus sclerotherapy in the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Romero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.16236","article-title":"Endoscopic variceal ligation plus nadolol and sucralfate compared with ligation alone for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"32","author":"Lo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20584","article-title":"Variceal ligation plus nadolol compared with ligation for prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding: a multicenter trial","volume":"41","author":"De la Pe\u00f1a","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(06)80024-3","article-title":"Nadolol+Isosorbide-5-mononitrate (NAD+ISMN) vs NAD+ISMN+ endoscopic band ligation in the prevention of rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis: preliminary results of a multicenter RCT [abstract]","volume":"44","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pag\u00e1n","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360611","article-title":"\u2018A la carte\u2019 treatment of portal hypertension: adapting therapy to hemodynamic response for the prevention of bleeding","volume":"36","author":"Bureau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21343","article-title":"Hemodynamic response-guided therapy for prevention of variceal rebleeding: an uncontrolled pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300316","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt compared with endoscopic treatment for prevention of variceal rebleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Papatheodoridis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.212.2.r99au46411","article-title":"TIPS for prevention of recurrent bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"212","author":"Luca","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30418","article-title":"TIPS versus drug therapy in preventing variceal rebleeding in advanced cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Escorsell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib87","series-title":"Portal Hypertension IV. Proceedings of the fourth Baveno international consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and treatment","first-page":"262","article-title":"Prevention of rebleeding","author":"Bernard-Chabert","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.02.008","article-title":"Distal splenorenal shunt versus transjugular intrahepatic portal systematic shunt for variceal bleeding: a randomized trial","volume":"130","author":"Henderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90063-X","article-title":"Propranolol \u2013 a medical treatment for portal hypertension?","volume":"2","author":"Lebrec","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105303242202","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic-antagonist drugs in the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices: an analysis of data and prognostic factors in 589 patients from four randomized clinical trials","volume":"324","author":"Poynard","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.23054","article-title":"A meta-analysis of endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"33","author":"Imperiale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02346.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"21","author":"Khuroo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40468.x","article-title":"Endoscopic variceal ligation plus propranolol versus endoscopic variceal ligation alone in primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding","volume":"100","author":"Sarin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(01)81028-3","article-title":"Isosorbide mononitrate in the prevention of first variceal bleed in patients who cannot receive beta-blockers","volume":"121","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pag\u00e1n","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00453.x","article-title":"Pharmacological reduction of portal pressure and long-term risk of first variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"101","author":"Turnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(07)61677-8","article-title":"Acute hemodynamic response to beta-blockers for the prediction of long-term outcome in primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Final results of a prospective study [abstract]","volume":"46","author":"Aracil","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.004","article-title":"A placebo-controlled clinical trial of nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis","volume":"127","author":"Merkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib98","series-title":"Portal Hypertension in the 21st Century","first-page":"277","article-title":"Gastric varices","author":"Sarin","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24116","article-title":"A prospective, randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices","volume":"33","author":"Lo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21145","article-title":"A randomized trial of endoscopic treatment of acute gastric variceal hemorrhage: N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation","volume":"43","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691807001606?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691807001606?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T04:25:06Z","timestamp":1557375906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521691807001606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521691807001606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}}}