{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:44:01Z","timestamp":1791089041459,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,22]],"date-time":"2010-03-22T02:07:07Z","timestamp":1269223627000},"page":"157-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Gastrointestinal and liver adverse effects of drugs used for\u00a0treating IBD"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Rogler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000084907","article-title":"Glucocorticoids for human skin: new aspects of the mechanism of action","volume":"18","author":"Schafer-Korting","year":"2005","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-004-0071-9","article-title":"Medical therapy for ulcerative colitis: the state of the art and beyond","volume":"6","author":"Ross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00330-7","article-title":"Mechanism of action of glucocorticosteroid hormones: possible implications for therapy of neuroimmunological disorders","volume":"117","author":"Gold","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.17.s2.23.x","article-title":"Review article: medical treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease","volume":"17","author":"Scribano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5119.387","article-title":"Cortisone and corticotrophin in ulcerative colitis","volume":"1","author":"Truelove","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib6","first-page":"143","article-title":"Medical treatment of Crohn's disease of the colon","author":"Jones","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bibl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib7","first-page":"81","article-title":"Medical aspects of Crohn's disease","volume":"61","author":"Lennard-Jones","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.7.2.181","article-title":"Corticosteroids and corticotrophin in the treatment of Crohn's disease","volume":"7","author":"Jones","year":"1966","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00422-2","article-title":"Corticosteroids for the management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease","volume":"18","author":"Jewell","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(84)90409-8","article-title":"European Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment","volume":"86","author":"Malchow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1996.22164025.x","article-title":"Cytokine modulation by glucocorticoids: mechanisms and actions in cellular studies","volume":"10","author":"Brattsand","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib12","first-page":"215","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease. Current concepts of pathogenesis and implications for therapy","volume":"48","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00553.x","article-title":"Mechanism of steroid action in renal epithelial cells","volume":"65","author":"de Haij","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(02)80153-0","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: dogmas and heresies","volume":"34","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90119-I","article-title":"The low risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients dispensed corticosteroids","volume":"91","author":"Carson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-9-735","article-title":"Corticosteroid use and peptic ulcer disease: role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"114","author":"Piper","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib17","first-page":"1668","article-title":"The comparative risk and predictors of adverse gastrointestinal events in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: a prospective 13 year study of 2131 patients","volume":"27","author":"Wolfe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib18","first-page":"235","article-title":"Two new cases of glucocorticoid-induced pancreatitis","volume":"66","author":"Di Fazano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Engl Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/003655298750027290","article-title":"Azathioprine: state of the art in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"225","author":"Sandborn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03570.x","article-title":"Tolerability and safety of mercaptopurine in azathioprine-intolerant patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"27","author":"Lees","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib21","first-page":"444","article-title":"Myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity during azathioprine therapy","volume":"63","author":"de Boer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70140-5","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics and metabolite measurement for 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"118","author":"Dubinsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.4.485","article-title":"The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review","volume":"50","author":"Fraser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200208000-00003","article-title":"Azathioprine therapy and adverse drug reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: impact of thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphism","volume":"12","author":"Schwab","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21258","article-title":"Nodular regenerative hyperplasia: not all nodules are created equal","volume":"44","author":"Reshamwala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00938-7","article-title":"6-thioguanine can cause serious liver injury in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"125","author":"Dubinsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.114363","article-title":"Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine","volume":"56","author":"Vernier-Massouille","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000128665.12063.97","article-title":"Early hepatic nodular hyperplasia and submicroscopic fibrosis associated with 6-thioguanine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Geller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.02.051","article-title":"A multicenter assessment of liver toxicity by MRI and biopsy in IBD patients on 6-thioguanine","volume":"43","author":"Seiderer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep1000","article-title":"Drug insight: pharmacology and toxicity of thiopurine therapy in patients with IBD","volume":"4","author":"de Boer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.11.049","article-title":"6-Thioguanine-related hepatotoxicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: dose or level dependent?","volume":"44","author":"Derijks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2006.10.007","article-title":"Toxicity of 6-thioguanine: no hepatotoxicity in a series of IBD patients treated with long-term, low dose 6-thioguanine. Some evidence for dose or metabolite level dependent effects?","volume":"39","author":"Gilissen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2004.03.001","article-title":"Methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"33","author":"Feagan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502023320503","article-title":"Methotrexate for the treatment of Crohn's disease. The North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators","volume":"332","author":"Feagan","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555572361364","article-title":"Methotrexate hepatotoxicity in psoriatic patients submitted to long-term therapy","volume":"72","author":"Themido","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02754.x","article-title":"Sequential liver biopsies during long-term methotrexate treatment for psoriasis: a reappraisal","volume":"133","author":"Boffa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(05)80060-9","article-title":"Methotrexate and histologic hepatic abnormalities: a meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Whiting-O'Keefe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70508-0","article-title":"Methotrexate in psoriasis: consensus conference","volume":"38","author":"Roenigk","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib39","first-page":"CD000951","article-title":"Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis","author":"Ortiz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib40","first-page":"2092","article-title":"Longitudinal measurement of methotrexate liver concentrations does not correlate with liver damage, clinical efficacy, or toxicity during a 3.5 year double blind study in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Fathi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-008-0106-8","article-title":"Optimizing conventional therapy for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5508","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5508","article-title":"Treatment of severe steroid refractory ulcerative colitis","volume":"14","author":"Van Assche","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0210-5705(05)71523-5","article-title":"Cyclosporine in the treatment of severe attack of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Garcia-Lopez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib44","first-page":"CD004277","article-title":"Cyclosporine A for induction of remission in severe ulcerative colitis","author":"Shibolet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2.3.357","article-title":"Therapeutic options in acute severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"2","author":"Hare","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib46","first-page":"CD007216","article-title":"Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in refractory ulcerative colitis","author":"Baumgart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03764.x","article-title":"Long-term effect of tacrolimus therapy in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis","volume":"28","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20263","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in refractory ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a single-center experience","volume":"14","author":"Benson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.02.007","article-title":"Tacrolimus for active ulcerative colitis? Yes! (Even though Cochrane says \"no\")","volume":"132","author":"Ullman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.081794","article-title":"A randomised dose finding study of oral tacrolimus (FK506) therapy in refractory ulcerative colitis","volume":"55","author":"Ogata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib51","first-page":"974","article-title":"Clinical use of FK 506 in liver transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Klintmalm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2004.03.008","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibitors in heart transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Keogh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.6.5.479","article-title":"The use of tacrolimus in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"6","author":"Chow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00524.x","article-title":"Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with severe steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease\u2013a long-term follow-up","volume":"101","author":"Baumgart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691809001590?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691809001590?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T03:36:32Z","timestamp":1711337792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521691809001590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521691809001590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}}}