{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:37:01Z","timestamp":1791103021139,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpgastro.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,10]],"date-time":"2013-04-10T13:59:07Z","timestamp":1365602347000},"page":"719-735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Gastric and duodenal neuroendocrine tumours"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Dermot","family":"O'Toole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Delle Fave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn275","article-title":"Priorities for improving the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"100","author":"Modlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03742.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumours: current diagnosis and management","volume":"193","author":"Modlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000335595","article-title":"ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with gastroduodenal neoplasms","volume":"95","author":"Fave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90266-F","article-title":"Three subtypes of gastric argyrophil carcinoid and the gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"104","author":"Rindi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1572-0241.2003.04027.x","article-title":"50-year analysis of 562 gastric carcinoids: small tumor or larger problem?","volume":"99","author":"Modlin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(03)00151-3","article-title":"Effect of a gastrin\/cholecystokinin B receptor antagonist, S-0509, on the omeprazole-induced proliferation of gastric mucosa in rats","volume":"142","author":"Ono","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-005-0232-4","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids: a temporal increase with proton pump introduction","volume":"19","author":"Hodgson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000080734","article-title":"Gastric neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"80","author":"Delle Fave","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G798","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00015.2008","article-title":"Gastrin increases mcl-1 expression in type I gastric carcinoid tumors and a gastric epithelial cell line that expresses the CCK-2 receptor","volume":"295","author":"Pritchard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i12.1279","article-title":"Risk for gastric neoplasias in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis: a critical reappraisal","volume":"18","author":"Vannella","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70495-6","article-title":"Mutations of RegIalpha are associated with enterochromaffin-like cell tumor development in patients with hypergastrinemia","volume":"116","author":"Higham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90131-3","article-title":"Gastric endocrine cell hyperplasia and carcinoid tumors in pernicious anemia","volume":"88","author":"Borch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.24.12.1141","article-title":"Gastroscopic screening in 80 patients with pernicious anaemia","volume":"24","author":"Stockbrugger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1995.01430030020003","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids. The Yale experience","volume":"130","author":"Modlin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19940415)73:8<2053::AID-CNCR2820730807>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids. An immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study of 104 patients","volume":"73","author":"Thomas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib16","first-page":"766","article-title":"High prevalence of atrophic body gastritis in patients with unexplained microcytic and macrocytic anemia: a prospective screening study","volume":"94","author":"Marignani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib17","first-page":"276","article-title":"Current trend: endocrine tumors of the stomach, small bowel, colon and rectum","volume":"30","author":"O'Toole","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1159\/000342988","article-title":"Gastric neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"29","author":"Crosby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000329043","article-title":"Type I gastric carcinoids: a prospective study on endoscopic management and recurrence rate","volume":"95","author":"Merola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70174-5","article-title":"ECL cell tumor and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma of the stomach: prognostic evaluation by pathological analysis","volume":"116","author":"Rindi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0836","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of a large series of patients with type 1 gastric carcinoid tumors. Data from a multicenter study","volume":"16","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000167862.52309.7d","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids: biologic behavior and prognosis after differentiated treatment in relation to type","volume":"242","author":"Borch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1159\/000201276","article-title":"Prognosis of gastric carcinoid tumours","volume":"56","author":"Rappel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(00)00175-0","article-title":"Gastric endocrine cells: types, function and growth","volume":"93","author":"Solcia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0687-y","article-title":"Defining surgical indications for type I gastric carcinoid tumor","volume":"16","author":"Gladdy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.136.1.49","article-title":"Treatment of gastric neuroendocrine tumors: the necessity of a type-adapted treatment","volume":"136","author":"Schindl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689900026","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids and neuroendocrine carcinomas: pathogenesis, pathology, and behavior","volume":"20","author":"Rindi","year":"1996","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.20468","article-title":"Presentation, treatment, and outcome of type 1 gastric carcinoid tumors","volume":"93","author":"Dakin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2004.06.019","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids in patients with hypergastrinemia","volume":"199","author":"Jordan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.06.057","article-title":"Gastric carcinoid tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia-1 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can be symptomatic, demonstrate aggressive growth, and require surgical treatment","volume":"136","author":"Norton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2003.07.025","article-title":"Aggressive surgery for metastatic liver neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"134","author":"Norton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70171-9","article-title":"The multiple endocrine neoplasia type I gene locus is involved in the pathogenesis of type II gastric carcinoids","volume":"113","author":"Debelenko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2279","article-title":"A prospective study of gastric carcinoids and enterochromaffin-like cell changes in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: identification of risk factors","volume":"93","author":"Berna","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-870139","article-title":"Menin molecular interactions: insights into normal functions and tumorigenesis","volume":"37","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.34231","article-title":"Effect of chronic hypergastrinemia on human enterochromaffin-like cells: insights from patients with sporadic gastrinomas","volume":"123","author":"Peghini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-7404(03)00034-3","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors of the stomach","volume":"12","author":"Modlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib37","first-page":"671","article-title":"Loss of heterozygosity in 11q13-14 regions in gastric neuroendocrine tumors not associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome","volume":"79","author":"D'Adda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib38","first-page":"338","article-title":"Gastric carcinoid tumors: the biology and therapy of an enigmatic and controversial lesion","volume":"90","author":"Gilligan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/01.meg.0000250582.30737.bd","article-title":"Prognostic value of immunohistochemistry in gastric neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors","volume":"19","author":"Safatle-Ribeiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G191","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00131.2006","article-title":"Role of CCN2\/CTGF in the proliferation of Mastomys enterochromaffin-like cells and gastric carcinoid development","volume":"292","author":"Kidd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000197734.28551.0f","article-title":"Q RT-PCR detection of chromogranin A: a new standard in the identification of neuroendocrine tumor disease","volume":"243","author":"Kidd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21758","article-title":"Utility of molecular genetic signatures in the delineation of gastric neoplasia","volume":"106","author":"Kidd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib43","first-page":"149","article-title":"Epithelial and neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenum","volume":"8","author":"Attanoos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)90951-6","article-title":"The classification of carcinoid tum ours","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11105","article-title":"A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors","volume":"97","author":"Modlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000098008","article-title":"Well-differentiated duodenal tumor\/carcinoma (excluding gastrinomas)","volume":"84","author":"Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.4377","article-title":"One hundred years after \u201ccarcinoid\u201d: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States","volume":"26","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1294.002","article-title":"The gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cell system and its tumors: the WHO classification","volume":"1014","author":"Kloppel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2005.05.009","article-title":"Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: classification, functional syndromes, diagnosis and medical treatment","volume":"19","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19940315)73:6<1580::AID-CNCR2820730608>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Carcinoid of the ampulla of Vater. Clinical characteristics and morphologic features","volume":"73","author":"Hatzitheoklitos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib51","first-page":"302","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors of the ampulla of Vater","volume":"63","author":"Walton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.28955","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors of the duodenum and ampulla of vater: a clinicomorphologic, immunohistochemical, and cell kinetic comparison","volume":"32","author":"Bornstein-Quevedo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-001-0260-z","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumours of the duodenum. Clinical aspects, pathomorphology and therapy","volume":"386","author":"Witzigmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-255X(03)00114-8","article-title":"Ampullary carcinoid tumors: rationale for an aggressive surgical approach","volume":"7","author":"Clements","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03744.x","article-title":"Carcinoid of the ampulla of Vater","volume":"20","author":"Hartel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib56","first-page":"33","article-title":"Duodenal somatostatinoma with psammoma bodies: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study","volume":"81","author":"Taccagni","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1988.tb03666.x","article-title":"Neurofibromatosis associated with somatostatinoma: a report of two patients","volume":"28","author":"Swinburn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198910000-00002","article-title":"Carcinoids of the duodenum. A histologic and immunohistochemical study of 65 tumors","volume":"13","author":"Burke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib59","first-page":"13","article-title":"Somatostatinoma\/inhibitory syndrome: a statistical evaluation of 173 reported cases as compared to other pancreatic endocrinomas","volume":"18","author":"Soga","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200111000-00015","article-title":"Duodenal somatostatinoma presenting with complete somatostatinoma syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Green","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(71)90098-5","article-title":"Carcinoid-islet cell tumors of the duodenum. Report of twenty-one cases","volume":"121","author":"Weichert","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198304000-00003","article-title":"Endocrine tumors of the duodenum. Clinical characteristics and hormone content","volume":"197","author":"Lasson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00705301","article-title":"Duodenal and ampullary carcinoid tumors. A report of 12 cases with pathological characteristics, polypeptide content and relation to the MEN I syndrome and von Recklinghausen's disease (neurofibromatosis)","volume":"408","author":"Stamm","year":"1986","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib64","first-page":"247","article-title":"Endocrine tumors of the duodenum and upper jejunum. A study of 33 cases with clinico-pathological characteristics and hormone content","volume":"37","author":"Capella","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib65","first-page":"700","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors of the duodenum. A clinicopathologic study of 99 cases","volume":"114","author":"Burke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib66","first-page":"349","article-title":"Endocrinocarcinomas (carcinoids and their variants) of the duodenum. An evaluation of 927 cases","volume":"22","author":"Soga","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90124-8","article-title":"Determinants of metastatic rate and survival in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a prospective long-term study","volume":"108","author":"Weber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000124290.05524.5e","article-title":"Does the use of routine duodenotomy (DUODX) affect rate of cure, development of liver metastases, or survival in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?","volume":"239","author":"Norton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000112297.72510.32","article-title":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a prospective study of 107 cases and comparison with 1009 cases from the literature","volume":"83","author":"Gibril","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1998.00281.x","article-title":"Management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1","volume":"243","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib71","first-page":"721","article-title":"Ectopic ACTH-MSH producing carcinoid tumor with multiple endocrine hyperplasia in a child","volume":"28","author":"Amano","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-255X(01)80100-1","article-title":"Duodenal carcinoid tumors: how aggressive should we be?","volume":"5","author":"Zyromski","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i24.3794","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor of the duodenum and accessory papilla associated with polycythemia vera","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198605000-00007","article-title":"Duodenal carcinoids in patients with and without neurofibromatosis. A comparative study","volume":"10","author":"Dayal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.142.3.229","article-title":"Small-bowel tumors: epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 1260 cases from the connecticut tumor registry","volume":"142","author":"Hatzaras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1971)28:4<999::AID-CNCR2820280425>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Argentaffin cell adenocarcinoma of the stomach: an atypical carcinoid?","volume":"28","author":"Soga","year":"1971","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5052","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7918","article-title":"Ghrelin-producing endocrine tumors of the stomach and intestine","volume":"86","author":"Papotti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200112000-00008","article-title":"Atrophic body gastritis patients with enterochromaffin-like cell dysplasia are at increased risk for the development of type I gastric carcinoid","volume":"13","author":"Annibale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1291491","volume":"44","author":"Dinis-Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000199786","article-title":"Histopathological classification of nonantral gastric endocrine growths in man","volume":"41","author":"Solcia","year":"1988","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib81","first-page":"36C","article-title":"Fundic endocrinopathy in fundic atrophic gastritis with achlorhydria. II\u2013Carcinoid tumors","volume":"15","author":"Cattan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19910201)67:3<663::AID-CNCR2820670323>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids and their precursor lesions. A histologic and immunohistochemical study of 23 cases","volume":"67","author":"Bordi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.9.1275","article-title":"Influence of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 on gastric endocrine cells in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Lehy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib84","series-title":"WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system","article-title":"Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system","author":"Rindi","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib85","series-title":"Histological typing of endocrine tumours","author":"Solcia","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3109\/01913128309141819","article-title":"Neurohormonal peptides in endocrine tumors of the pancreas, stomach, and upper small intestine: I. An immunohistochemical study of 27 cases","volume":"5","author":"Alumets","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ultrastruct Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib87","first-page":"1367","article-title":"Endocrine tumors of the duodenum. A study of 55 cases relative to clinicopathological features and hormone content","volume":"51","author":"Heymann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01606473","article-title":"Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. Report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"416","author":"Barbareschi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2011.01.018","article-title":"Histologic characterization and improved prognostic evaluation of 209 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"42","author":"La Rosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib90","first-page":"198","article-title":"Minute gastric carcinoid tumor with regional lymph node metastasis","volume":"74","author":"Kumashiro","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i16.2461","article-title":"Minute gastric carcinoid tumor with regional lymph node metastasis: a case report and review of literature","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20939","article-title":"Early-stage carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract: an analysis of 1914 reported cases","volume":"103","author":"Soga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib93","first-page":"S94","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids","volume":"31","author":"Bordi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00353739","article-title":"Diverse clinical and pathologic features of gastric carcinoid and the relevance of hypergastrinemia","volume":"18","author":"Gough","year":"1994","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-814539","article-title":"Local endoscopic removal of duodenal carcinoid tumors","volume":"36","author":"Dalenback","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-37256","article-title":"Endoscopic mucosal resection in the management of gastric carcinoid tumors","volume":"35","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70596-7","article-title":"Octreotide suppression test predicts beneficial outcome from antrectomy in a patient with gastric carcinoid tumor","volume":"114","author":"Higham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib98","unstructured":"Murugesan SV, Steele IA, Dimaline R, Poston GJ, Shrotri M, Campbell F, et al. Correlation between a short-term intravenous octreotide suppression test and response to antrectomy in patients with type-1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-198804000-00006","article-title":"Long-acting somatostatin (SMS 201-995) in the management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: evidence for sustained efficacy","volume":"3","author":"Ruszniewski","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0420","article-title":"Long-acting somatostatin analogues are an effective treatment for type 1 gastric carcinoid tumours","volume":"159","author":"Grozinsky-Glasberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328220eae0","article-title":"Type 1 and 2 gastric carcinoid tumors: long-term follow-up of the efficacy of treatment with a slow-release somatostatin analogue","volume":"19","author":"Manfredi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.2177","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids: between underestimation and overtreatment","volume":"15","author":"Massironi","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2010.539255","article-title":"Five-year follow-up of patients treated for 1 year with octreotide long-acting release for enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids","volume":"46","author":"Jianu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgg156","article-title":"Spontaneous ECL cell carcinomas in cotton rats: natural course and prevention by a gastrin receptor antagonist","volume":"24","author":"Martinsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.03.027","article-title":"Synergistic inhibitory effects of gastrin and histamine receptor antagonists on helicobacter-induced gastric cancer","volume":"128","author":"Takaishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2010.01.009","article-title":"The CCK(2) receptor antagonist, YF476, inhibits Mastomys ECL cell hyperplasia and gastric carcinoid tumor development","volume":"162","author":"Kidd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fossmark R, Sordal O, Jianu CS, Qvigstad G, Nordrum IS, Boyce M, et al. Treatment of gastric carcinoids type 1 with the gastrin receptor antagonist netazepide (YF476) results in regression of tumours and normalisation of serum chromogranin A. Aliment Pharmacol Ther;36:1067\u201375.","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12090"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199201000-00012","article-title":"Curative resection in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Results of a 10-year prospective study","volume":"215","author":"Norton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000143252.02142.3e","article-title":"Resolved and unresolved controversies in the surgical management of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome","volume":"240","author":"Norton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2005.09.016","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors of the duodenum","volume":"138","author":"Mullen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990315)85:6<1241::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors of the ampulla of Vater: a comparison with duodenal carcinoid tumors","volume":"85","author":"Makhlouf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1159\/000287272","article-title":"ENETS consensus guidelines for the management of patients with rare metastases from digestive neuroendocrine tumors: rationale and working framework. Introduction","volume":"91","author":"O'Toole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavel M, Baudin E, Couvelard A, Krenning E, Oberg K, Steinmuller T, et al. ENETS consensus guidelines for the management of patients with liver and other distant metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms of foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary. Neuroendocrinology;95:157\u201376.","DOI":"10.1159\/000335597"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.08.066","article-title":"Radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177Lu-DOTA0, Tyr3]octreotate in patients with endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors","volume":"23","author":"Kwekkeboom","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-006-0250-1","article-title":"TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system","volume":"449","author":"Rindi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002_bib116","series-title":"TNM classification of malignant tumours","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691813000243?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691813000243?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]],"date-time":"2020-07-25T05:43:12Z","timestamp":1595655792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521691813000243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521691813000243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gastric and duodenal neuroendocrine tumours","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.01.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}