{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:36:19Z","timestamp":1790753779811,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T04:00:15Z","timestamp":1495684815000},"page":"337-345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["New treatments to reach functional cure: Rationale and challenges for emerging immune-based therapies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1150-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam J.","family":"Gehring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.026","article-title":"Adaptive immunity in HBV infection","volume":"64","author":"Bertoletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.005","article-title":"Restoration of HBV-specific CD8+ T cell function by PD-1 blockade in inactive carrier patients is linked to T cell differentiation","volume":"61","author":"Bengsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121172","article-title":"Up-regulation of a death receptor renders antiviral T cells susceptible to NK cell\u2013mediated deletion","volume":"210","author":"Peppa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33402","article-title":"Bim-mediated deletion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in patients unable to control HBV infection","volume":"118","author":"Lopes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.95","article-title":"Dissecting the dendritic cell controversy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Gehring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.03.041","article-title":"Increased levels of arginase in patients with acute hepatitis B suppress antiviral T cells","volume":"143","author":"Sandalova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3856","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of hepatitis B immunopathology by myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"21","author":"Pallett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072076","article-title":"Functional skewing of the global CD8 T cell population in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"205","author":"Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4858","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i36.4858","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in viral hepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Billerbeck","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.036","article-title":"Hepatic immune regulation and its involvement in viral hepatitis infection","volume":"146","author":"Knolle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.09.026","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 produced by T cells reduce the HBV persistence form, cccDNA, without cytolysis","volume":"150","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.05.005","article-title":"Oscillating CD8+ T cell effector functions after antigen recognition in the liver","volume":"23","author":"Isogawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.825","article-title":"Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection","volume":"284","author":"Guidotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9652","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00867-09","article-title":"The size of the viral inoculum contributes to the outcome of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"83","author":"Asabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.68-76.2003","article-title":"CD8(+) T cells mediate viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during acute hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"77","author":"Thimme","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90664-X","article-title":"Ablation of persistent hepatitis B by bone marrow transplantation from a hepatitis B-immune donor","volume":"104","author":"Ilan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250631","article-title":"Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen after bone marrow transplantation: role of adoptive immunity transfer","volume":"25","author":"Lau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.31887","article-title":"Resolution of chronic hepatitis B and anti-HBs seroconversion in humans by adoptive transfer of immunity to hepatitis B core antigen","volume":"122","author":"Lau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.08.026","article-title":"Anti-HBs re-seroconversion after liver transplantation in a patient with past HBV infection receiving a HBsAg positive graft","volume":"50","author":"Loggi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.09.016","article-title":"Liver transplantation from hepatitis B surface antigen positive donors: a safe way to expand the donor pool","volume":"56","author":"Loggi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.07.014","article-title":"Restored function of HBV-specific T cells after long-term effective therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues","volume":"143","author":"Boni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.8.1269","article-title":"The role of virus-specific CD8+ cells in liver damage and viral control during persistent hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"191","author":"Maini","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.10.038","article-title":"American gastroenterological association institute technical review on prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy","volume":"148","author":"Perrillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.01.014","article-title":"Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels in the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infection: a European perspective","volume":"52","author":"Jaroszewicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.01.007","article-title":"Hepatitis B surface antigen levels during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B: a perspective on Asia","volume":"52","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421593","article-title":"The site of primary T cell activation is a determinant of the balance between intrahepatic tolerance and immunity","volume":"114","author":"Bowen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.09.072","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccination of chronic hepatitis B patients with virus suppression by antiviral therapy: a randomized, controlled study of co-administration of HBsAg\/AS02 candidate vaccine and lamivudine","volume":"25","author":"Vandepapeli\u00e8re","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.07.004","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo immunization by vaccine therapy following virus suppression by lamivudine: a novel approach for treating patients with chronic hepatitis B.","volume":"32","author":"Horiike","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00309-2","article-title":"Immunological monitoring during therapeutic vaccination as a prerequisite for the design of new effective therapies: induction of a vaccine-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferative response in chronic hepatitis B carriers","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2165","article-title":"Clinical and immunological efficacy of intradermal vaccine plus lamivudine with or without interleukin-2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"66","author":"Dahmen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00028-9","article-title":"Efficacy and limitations of a specific immunotherapy in chronic hepatitis B","volume":"34","author":"Pol","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1086\/314828","article-title":"Specific vaccine therapy in chronic hepatitis B: induction of T cell proliferative responses specific for envelope antigens","volume":"180","author":"Couillin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.05.003","article-title":"Results of a phase III clinical trial with an HBsAg-HBIG immunogenic complex therapeutic vaccine for chronic hepatitis B patients: experiences and findings","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5134","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00276-09","article-title":"Randomized controlled study investigating viral suppression and serological response following pre-S1\/pre-S2\/S vaccine therapy combined with lamivudine treatment in HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"53","author":"Hoa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.02950.x","article-title":"Failure of therapeutic vaccination using hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine in the immunotolerant phase of children with chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"18","author":"Dikici","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305707","article-title":"Anti-HBV DNA vaccination does not prevent relapse after discontinuation of analogues in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial\u2014ANRS HB02 VAC-ADN","volume":"64","author":"Fontaine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2012.01589.x","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot randomized controlled trial of dual-plasmid HBV DNA vaccine mediated by in\u00a0vivo electroporation in chronic hepatitis B patients under lamivudine chemotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302751","article-title":"Correlation of antiviral T-cell responses with suppression of viral rebound in chronic hepatitis B carriers: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.08.013","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a hepatitis B DNA vaccine administered to chronic HBV carriers","volume":"24","author":"Mancini-Bourgine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20408","article-title":"Induction or expansion of T-cell responses by a hepatitis B DNA vaccine administered to chronic HBV carriers","volume":"40","author":"Mancini-Bourgine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12530","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of therapeutic DNA vaccine with antiviral drug in chronic HBV patients and its immunogenicity in mice","volume":"35","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300208","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot study of the CY-1899 T-cell vaccine in subjects chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. The CY1899 T Cell Vaccine Study Group","volume":"30","author":"Heathcote","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.016","article-title":"Randomized phase II study of GS-4774 as a therapeutic vaccine in virally suppressed patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"65","author":"Lok","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.01.038","article-title":"Autologus dendritic cell vaccine for chronic hepatitis B carriers: a pilot, open label, clinical trial in human volunteers","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013","volume":"386","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003208","article-title":"The third signal cytokine IL-12 rescues the anti-viral function of exhausted HBV-specific CD8 T cells","volume":"9","author":"Schurich","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2013.65","article-title":"DNA vaccine cocktail expressing genotype A and C HBV surface and consensus core antigens generates robust cytotoxic and antibody responses in mice and Rhesus macaques","volume":"20","author":"Obeng-Adjei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308041","article-title":"TG1050, an immunotherapeutic to treat chronic hepatitis B, induces robust T cells and exerts an antiviral effect in HBV-persistent mice","volume":"64","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02844-06","article-title":"Characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T-cell dysfunction in chronic HBV infection","volume":"81","author":"Boni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.09.052","article-title":"Antiviral intrahepatic T-cell responses can be restored by blocking programmed death-1 pathway in chronic hepatitis B","volume":"138","author":"Fisicaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24249","article-title":"Role of the coinhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 on apoptosis-Prone CD8 T cells in persistent hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"53","author":"Schurich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003856","article-title":"Enhancing virus-specific immunity in\u00a0vivo by combining therapeutic vaccination and PD-L1 blockade in chronic hepadnaviral infection","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib53","article-title":"Toxicities of immunotherapy for the practitioner","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000451016","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma: basics and ongoing clinical trials","volume":"92","author":"Kudo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401771101","article-title":"Genomic analysis of the host response to hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"101","author":"Wieland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.5.3165","article-title":"Cytokine induction by the hepatitis B virus capsid in macrophages is facilitated by membrane heparan sulfate and involves TLR2","volume":"175","author":"Cooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500839","article-title":"Kupffer cells support hepatitis B virus-mediated CD8+ T cell exhaustion via hepatitis B core antigen-TLR2 interactions in mice","volume":"195","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02903-15","article-title":"Hepatitis B surface antigen activates myeloid dendritic cells via a soluble CD14-dependent mechanism","volume":"90","author":"van Montfoort","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.016","article-title":"The RNA sensor RIG-I dually functions as an innate sensor and direct antiviral factor for hepatitis B virus","volume":"42","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.07.015","article-title":"The mannose receptor acts as hepatitis B virus surface antigen receptor mediating interaction with intrahepatic dendritic cells","volume":"393","author":"Brouw den","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-9-2279","article-title":"LPS-binding protein and CD14-dependent attachment of hepatitis B surface antigen to monocytes is determined by the phospholipid moiety of the particles","author":"Vanlandschoot","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib62","article-title":"HBV inhibits LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1\u03b2 production via suppressing NF-\u03baB pathway and ROS production","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005693","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-induced parkin-dependent recruitment of linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC) to mitochondria and attenuation of innate immunity","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.11.035","article-title":"Human hepatitis B virus surface and e antigens inhibit major vault protein signaling in interferon induction pathways","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02760-14","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus polymerase disrupts K63-linked ubiquitination of STING to block innate cytosolic DNA-sensing pathways","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201625","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus surface antigen selectively inhibits TLR2 Ligand-induced IL-12 production in monocytes\/macrophages by interfering with JNK activation","volume":"190","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.042","article-title":"The Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) targets and suppresses activation of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway","volume":"55","author":"Lang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26064","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus polymerase impairs interferon-\u03b1-induced STA T activation through inhibition of importin-\u03b15 and protein kinase C-\u03b4","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000986","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus polymerase blocks pattern recognition receptor signaling via interaction with DDX3: implications for immune evasion","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903874","article-title":"The hepatitis B virus X protein disrupts innate immunity by downregulating mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein","volume":"185","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22751","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus suppresses toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses in murine parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.028","article-title":"The role of innate immunity in the immunopathology and treatment of HBV infection","volume":"64","author":"Maini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02008-08","article-title":"Activation of pattern recognition receptor-mediated innate immunity inhibits the replication of hepatitis B virus in human hepatocyte-derived cells","volume":"83","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7269","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.11.7269-7272.2005","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in\u00a0vivo","volume":"79","author":"Isogawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10421","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00996-14","article-title":"Poly(I: C) treatment leads to interferon-dependent clearance of hepatitis B virus in a hydrodynamic injection mouse model","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/v9010018","article-title":"Control of hepatitis B virus by cytokines","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.4.3236-3243.1997","article-title":"Interleukin-12 inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic mice","volume":"71","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000360941","article-title":"Interferon therapy of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"57","author":"Brunetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20888","article-title":"Lamivudine plus interleukin-12 combination therapy in chronic hepatitis B: antiviral and immunological activity","volume":"42","author":"Rigopoulou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27793","article-title":"Liver inflammation abrogates immunological tolerance induced by Kupffer cells","volume":"62","author":"Heymann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2573","article-title":"Intrahepatic myeloid-cell aggregates enable local proliferation of CD8+ T cells and successful immunotherapy against chronic viral liver infection","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.08.002","article-title":"TLR-based immune adjuvants","volume":"29","author":"Steinhagen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12294","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400478111","article-title":"Unleashing the potential of NOD- and Toll-like agonists as vaccine adjuvants","volume":"111","author":"Maisonneuve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.02.037","article-title":"The oral toll-like receptor-7 agonist GS-9620 in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"63","author":"Gane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169631","article-title":"Antiviral efficacy and host immune response induction during sequential treatment with SB 9200 followed by entecavir in woodchucks","volume":"12","author":"Suresh","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161313","article-title":"Antiviral efficacy and host innate immunity associated with SB 9200 treatment in the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"11","author":"Korolowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.01.010","article-title":"The cGAS-STING defense pathway and its counteraction by viruses","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01263-15","article-title":"Viral DNA-dependent induction of innate immune response to hepatitis B virus in immortalized mouse hepatocytes","volume":"90","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13563","article-title":"The cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase\u2013STING signaling pathway is required for both the innate immune response against HBV and the suppression of HBV assembly","volume":"283","author":"Dansako","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28685","article-title":"Lack of immunological DNA sensing in hepatocytes facilitates hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"64","author":"Thomsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04321-14","article-title":"STING agonists induce an innate antiviral immune response against hepatitis B virus","volume":"59","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3368","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000647","article-title":"Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by activation of the cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"97","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101904","article-title":"A\u00a0whole recombinant yeast-based therapeutic vaccine elicits HBV X, S and core specific T cells in mice and activates human T cells recognizing epitopes linked to viral clearance","volume":"9","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11522","article-title":"A\u00a0vaccine strategy that protects against genital herpes by establishing local memory T cells","volume":"491","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2274","article-title":"T-cell quality in memory and protection: implications for vaccine design","volume":"8","author":"Seder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.08.020","article-title":"Reduction of HBV replication prolongs the early immunological response to IFN\u03b1 therapy","volume":"60","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23226","article-title":"Not interferon, but interleukin-6 controls early gene expression in hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"50","author":"H\u00f6sel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691817300422?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691817300422?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T12:46:13Z","timestamp":1602161173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521691817300422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521691817300422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"New treatments to reach functional cure: Rationale and challenges for emerging immune-based therapies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.05.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}