{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T18:54:06Z","timestamp":1777575246746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["DK39588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK39588"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["DK090019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK090019"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["DK067003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK067003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T04:05:00Z","timestamp":1529035500000},"page":"3-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evolution of our understanding of PBC"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34-35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6358-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick S.C.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Eric","family":"Gershwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra043898","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"353","author":"Kaplan","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22906","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"50","author":"Lindor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007183","article-title":"Antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"17","author":"Leung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.6.1791","article-title":"The autoepitope of the 74-kD mitochondrial autoantigen of primary biliary cirrhosis corresponds to the functional site of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase","volume":"167","author":"Van de Water","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib5","first-page":"387","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis. Chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis","volume":"46","author":"Rubin","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22042","article-title":"The causes of primary biliary cirrhosis: convenient and inconvenient truths","volume":"47","author":"Gershwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib7","first-page":"268","volume":"7","author":"Addison","year":"1857","journal-title":"Guy\u2019s Hosp Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"61","author":"Dauphinee","year":"1949","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.10.3525","article-title":"Identification and specificity of a cDNA encoding the 70 kd mitochondrial antigen recognized in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"138","author":"Gershwin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195801232580407","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis showing a high titer of autoantibody; report of a case","volume":"258","author":"Mackay","year":"1958","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-77-4-533","article-title":"Mitochondrial antibody in primary biliary cirrhosis and other diseases","volume":"77","author":"Klatskin","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290403","article-title":"Autoepitope mapping and reactivity of autoantibodies to the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding protein (E3BP) and the glycine cleavage proteins in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"29","author":"Dubel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib13","first-page":"505","article-title":"Autoantibodies to BCOADC-E2 in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis recognize a conformational epitope","volume":"22","author":"Leung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230307","article-title":"Epitope mapping and reactivity of autoantibodies to the E2 component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in primary biliary cirrhosis using recombinant 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex","volume":"23","author":"Moteki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.9.3367","article-title":"Structural requirement for autoreactivity on human pyruvate dehydrogenase-E2, the major autoantigen of primary biliary cirrhosis. Implication for a conformational autoepitope","volume":"144","author":"Surh","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28859","article-title":"Large-scale characterization study of patients with antimitochondrial antibodies but nonestablished primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"65","author":"Dahlqvist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib17","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Blood and liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary biliary cirrhosis: increase in activated T and natural killer cells and recruitment of primed memory T cells","volume":"13","author":"Bjorkland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120219","article-title":"Analysis of hepatic T lymphocyte and immunoglobulin deposits in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"12","author":"Krams","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.5.1835","article-title":"HLA DRB4 0101-restricted immunodominant T cell autoepitope of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in primary biliary cirrhosis: evidence of molecular mimicry in human autoimmune disease","volume":"181","author":"Shimoda","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4213","article-title":"Identification and precursor frequency analysis of a common T cell epitope motif in mitochondrial autoantigens in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"102","author":"Shimoda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20010956","article-title":"Identification of HLA-A2-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell responses in primary biliary cirrhosis: T cell activation is augmented by immune complexes cross-presented by dendritic cells","volume":"195","author":"Kita","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22736","article-title":"Apotopes and the biliary specificity of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"49","author":"Lleo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23783","article-title":"Biliary apotopes and anti-mitochondrial antibodies activate innate immune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"52","author":"Lleo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217748893","article-title":"Environmental basis of primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"243","author":"Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.04.003","article-title":"The epigenetic mechanism for discordance of autoimmunity in monozygotic twins","volume":"83","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8019","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9019","article-title":"International genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new primary biliary cirrhosis risk loci and targetable pathogenic pathways","volume":"6","author":"Cordell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.631","article-title":"Variants at IRF5-TNPO3, 17q12-21 and MMEL1 are associated with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"42","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810440","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with HLA, IL12A, and IL12RB2 variants","volume":"360","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2011.89","article-title":"Association of primary biliary cirrhosis with variants in the CLEC16A, SOCS1, SPIB and SIAE immunomodulatory genes","volume":"13","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene Immun"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5209","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds359","article-title":"Immunochip analyses identify a novel risk locus for primary biliary cirrhosis at 13q14, multiple independent associations at four established risk loci and epistasis between 1p31 and 7q32 risk variants","volume":"21","author":"Juran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib31","first-page":"650","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies identify PRKCB as a novel genetic susceptibility locus for primary biliary cholangitis in the Japanese population","volume":"26","author":"Kawashima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2395","article-title":"Dense fine-mapping study identifies new susceptibility loci for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.627","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analyses identify three loci associated with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.789","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 12 new susceptibility loci for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"43","author":"Mells","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.25.2.133","article-title":"Bacteuria and primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"25","author":"Burroughs","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.02.019","article-title":"Demographic, lifestyle, medical and familial factors associated with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"53","author":"Corpechot","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20907","article-title":"Risk factors and comorbidities in primary biliary cirrhosis: a controlled interview-based study of 1032 patients","volume":"42","author":"Gershwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.7050","article-title":"An exploratory population-based case-control study of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"31","author":"Howel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6385","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/358377a0","article-title":"Molecular mimicry in liver disease","volume":"358","author":"Burroughs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12224","article-title":"Escherichia coli infection induces autoimmune cholangitis and anti-mitochondrial antibodies in non-obese diabetic (NOD).B6 (Idd10\/Idd18) mice","volume":"175","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50446","article-title":"Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis react against a ubiquitous xenobiotic-metabolizing bacterium","volume":"38","author":"Selmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21076","article-title":"Increased prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis near Superfund toxic waste sites","volume":"43","author":"Ala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt308","article-title":"No rise in incidence but geographical heterogeneity in the occurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis in north East England","volume":"179","author":"McNally","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.29760","article-title":"The geographical distribution of primary biliary cirrhosis in a well-defined cohort","volume":"34","author":"Prince","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5874","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.9.5874","article-title":"Chemical xenobiotics and mitochondrial autoantigens in primary biliary cirrhosis: identification of antibodies against a common environmental, cosmetic, and food additive, 2-octynoic acid","volume":"174","author":"Amano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2006.06.002","article-title":"Identification of 2-nonynoic acid, a cosmetic component, as a potential trigger of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Rieger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29245","article-title":"Autoreactive monoclonal antibodies from patients with primary biliary cholangitis recognize environmental xenobiotics","volume":"66","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.04.005","article-title":"Lessons learned from twins in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"83","author":"Generali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.05.005","article-title":"Methylome and transcriptome profiling in Myasthenia Gravis monozygotic twins","volume":"82","author":"Mamrut","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib50","first-page":"128","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation, copy number variation, and gene expression in monozygotic twins discordant for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"5","author":"Selmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0098-9","article-title":"DNA methylation profiling of the X chromosome reveals an aberrant demethylation on CXCR3 promoter in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"7","author":"Lleo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Epigenet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04813.x","article-title":"CXCR3, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases","volume":"1173","author":"Lacotte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2005.08.009","article-title":"Increased levels of chemokine receptor CXCR3 and chemokines IP-10 and MIG in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and their first degree relatives","volume":"25","author":"Chuang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24630","article-title":"Immunoglobulin M levels inversely correlate with CD40 ligand promoter methylation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"55","author":"Lleo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00782.x","article-title":"Molecular mechanism and function of CD40\/CD40L engagement in the immune system","volume":"229","author":"Elgueta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.03.003","article-title":"X-linked primary immunodeficiencies as a bridge to better understanding X-chromosome related autoimmunity","volume":"33","author":"Pessach","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/00365519850186418","article-title":"Analysis of CD40 ligand gene mutations in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Higuchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2610","article-title":"Altered expression of miR-92a correlates with Th17 cell frequency in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"38","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066086","article-title":"Distinct MicroRNAs expression profile in primary biliary cirrhosis and evaluation of miR 505-3p and miR197-3p as novel biomarkers","volume":"8","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.022","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with altered hepatic microRNA expression","volume":"32","author":"Padgett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12040","article-title":"Analysis of altered microRNA expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5606","article-title":"Identification of microRNA profiles associated with refractory primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111424","article-title":"Serum microRNAs as potential biomarkers of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250104","article-title":"Decreased anion exchanger 2 immunoreactivity in the liver of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"25","author":"Medina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25691","article-title":"Up-regulation of microRNA 506 leads to decreased Cl(-)\/HCO(3) (-) anion exchanger 2 expression in biliary epithelium of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"56","author":"Banales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.08.006","article-title":"Hydrophobic bile acids suppress expression of AE2 in biliary epithelial cells and induce bile duct inflammation in primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"75","author":"Hisamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-014-8449-4","article-title":"Women and primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8482-y","article-title":"Animal models of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Katsumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051911","article-title":"NOD.c3c4 congenic mice develop autoimmune biliary disease that serologically and pathogenetically models human primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"203","author":"Irie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2315","article-title":"Genetic control of autoimmunity: protection from diabetes, but spontaneous autoimmune biliary disease in a nonobese diabetic congenic strain","volume":"173","author":"Koarada","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.3.1655","article-title":"Anti-mitochondrial antibodies and primary biliary cirrhosis in TGF-beta receptor II dominant-negative mice","volume":"177","author":"Oertelt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25803","article-title":"The immunobiology of colitis and cholangitis in interleukin-23p19 and interleukin-17A deleted dominant negative form of transforming growth factor beta receptor type II mice","volume":"56","author":"Ando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25829","article-title":"Deletion of interleukin (IL)-12p35 induces liver fibrosis in dominant-negative TGFbeta receptor type II mice","volume":"57","author":"Tsuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383728","article-title":"Animal models of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23132","article-title":"Deletion of interleukin-12p40 suppresses autoimmune cholangitis in dominant negative transforming growth factor beta receptor type II mice","volume":"50","author":"Yoshida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21385","article-title":"IL-2 receptor alpha(-\/-) mice and the development of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"44","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22390","article-title":"Loss of tolerance in C57BL\/6 mice to the autoantigen E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase by a xenobiotic with ensuing biliary ductular disease","volume":"48","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074225","article-title":"Identification of potential cytokine pathways for therapeutic intervention in murine primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Kawata","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.02.003","article-title":"IFN-gamma AU-rich element removal promotes chronic IFN-gamma expression and autoimmunity in mice","volume":"53","author":"Hodge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28641","article-title":"Chronic expression of interferon-gamma leads to murine autoimmune cholangitis with a female predominance","volume":"64","author":"Bae","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26979","article-title":"IL-12\/Th1 and IL-23\/Th17 biliary microenvironment in primary biliary cirrhosis: implications for therapy","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9505","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118458109","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and -gamma regulate IFNgamma and IL-17A production by human T cells in a sex-specific way","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00224-2","article-title":"Sex differences in cytokine responses to myelin peptides in multiple sclerosis","volume":"130","author":"Pelfrey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.12.002","article-title":"TLR7, IFNgamma, and T-bet: their roles in the development of ABCs in female-biased autoimmunity","volume":"294","author":"Rubtsova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691818300179?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691818300179?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T05:47:40Z","timestamp":1693720060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521691818300179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S1521691818300179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evolution of our understanding of PBC","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}